World War I

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World War I

• Europe Commits Suicide
• 1914-1918

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Victoria 1817-1901
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• During the 1800s, Great Britains Queen Victoria
  sought to marry her children and grandchildren to
  the leading royal houses in Europe. It was her
  hope to create a family connection that would
  lead to peace and security in Europe. What
  happened was that by 1914 Europe was at war with
  itself and Victorias family was at war with
  itself. When peace finally came in 1918 over
  15,000,000 people were dead.

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Causes of World War I

• Nationalism the sense of unity that led to the
  creation of Germany and Italy in the 1800s proved
  to be the same force that tore apart
  Austria-Hungary.
• In 1867, after the Austrian Empire was defeated
  by Prussia, various ethnic groups in the Austrian
  Empire began to demand the right to rule
  themselves nationalism.

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• The largest of these ethnic groups was the
  MAGYARS in present day Hungary. In 1867, the
  Austrian Emperor Franz Josef agreed to create a
  DUAL MONARCHY where he remained emperor over
  the Magyars/Hungarians but the Magyars were
  given more SELF DETERMINATION. The empire was
  then known as AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

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• When Hungary was granted more rights it
  inspired other ethnic groups in Austria-Hungary
  to demand their rights. These groups included
• Croats
• Serbs
• Poles
• Slovenes
• Czechs
• Slovaks

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• Despite the growing problem of nationalism in the
  Austro-Hungarian Empire the Austrian capital of
  VIENNA was the center of culture in central
  Europe. Its writers, painters, artists, and
  musicians were some of the best in the world.
  Johann Strauss the composer and Sigmund Freud the
  father of psychiatry were Austrians.

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• On the eve of World War I Austria-Hungary was
  ruled by the elderly Emperor Franz Josef. Their
  heir to his throne was his nephew the Archduke
  Franz Ferdinand. It would be Ferdinands
  assassination that started the war!

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Emperor Franz Josef
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• Nationalism also was a factor in the problems
  faced by the Russian Empire. Since the days of
  Peter the Great, Russia had grown to include
  millions of new people from various cultures. In
  the European part of Russia many of these ethnic
  groups struggled to gain their own independence
  from the repressive government of the tsars.
  Some of these ethnic groups were
• The Poles
• The Ukrainians
• The Finns
• The Estonians
• The Latvians
• The Lithuanians

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• Another cause of World War I was the growing
  demand for political rights in the old empires of
  Europe especially the Russian Empire and the
  Ottoman Empire. Both empires included ethnic
  groups wanting SELF-DETERMINATION as well as
  people who demanded democracy and civil rights.

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Pan-Slavism

• Russia saw itself as the protector the big
  brother of the Slavic peoples controlled by the
  Austrians and Ottomans. Russia wanted to unite
  all Slavic people under its leadership this was
  called Pan-Slavism. It placed Russia against
  Austria and the Turks.

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Russification

• Russia tried to defeat nationalism in it borders
  through a system called RUSSIFICATION. It was an
  attempt to destroy non-Russian cultures and
  replace them with Russian culture. For example
  in Russian controlled Poland (remember in the
  late 1700s Russia, Austria and Prussia
  partitioned Poland out of existence!) Polish
  literature could only be taught to Polish
  students if it was translated into Russian.

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Russia

• On the eve of World War I Russia was the
  largest nation by land in the world. It had a
  huge population most of whom were poor and
  illiterate. Russia was economically and
  technologically backward. Many peasants in
  Russia lived as they had in the Middle Ages.
  Power in Russia rested in the hands of one man
  the tsar and AUTOCRAT. There was no law other
  than that of the tsars.

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Alexander I

• Grandson of Catherine the Great Alexander I was
  an indecisive man who was an ally of Napoleon
  only to later become his enemy. Alexander I
  burned Moscow rather than let Napoleon take in in
  1812. After the Congress of Vienna, Alexander
  saw his duty as that of holy cop. He believed
  God wanted the Christian monarchs of Europe to
  maintain peace and order at all costs. He wanted
  to remove all memory of the nationalism, liberty,
  equality and fraternity spread by Napoleons army.

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Alexander I
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• When Alexander I died in 1825 (did he??) his
  brother became Tsar Nicholas I. That December,
  thousands of Russian army officers demanded that
  the tsar give up autocratic power and give some
  rights to the people. These soldiers who
  demanded political rights were DECEMBRISTS.
  Nicholas responded with executions, deportations
  to Siberia, and a feared secret police force.

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Nicholas I
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Alexander II

• When Nicholas I died in 1855, he was succeeded by
  his son Alexander II. Alexander tried to
  liberalize Russia by freeing the serfs in his
  1861 EDICT OF EMANCIPATION. While the serfs were
  technically free, they were never given real
  opportunity to buy enough of their own land in
  order to leave poverty or the control of their
  landlords.

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Tsar Alexander II
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• Russia was so repressive and backward that
  Alexander IIs freeing of the serfs did not end
  the calls for change. The situation was so bad
  that some radicals believed that only by
  destroying Russian society could it truly be
  rebuilt into something free. They were called
  NIHILISTS. On March 1, 1881, Alexander II was
  assassinated by a nihilist bomb in St. Petersburg.

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Alexander III

• After the death of Alexander II, his son
  Alexander III became tsar. He increased the
  repression of those people who wanted political
  rights. He also increased massacres of Jewish
  villages. These murders of Russian Jews were
  called POGROMS. When Alexander III died, he was
  succeeded by his son Nicholas II.

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Alexander III
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Nicholas II

• Nicholas II was similar to Louis XVI of France.
  Both were in charge of nations that needed more
  reform than they could provide. Both monarchs
  were emotionally and intellectually incapable of
  doing the right thing to save their nations.
  Both were married to unpopular foreign princesses
  (Nicholas II was married to Alexandra
  granddaughter of Queen Victoria). Both Nicholas
  II and Louis XVI would meet the same sad ending.

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Tsar Nicholas II

• First cousin to George V of Britain
• Cousin to Kaiser Wilhelm II
• First cousin to the king of Greece
• Cousin to the queen of Romania
• Cousin to the king of Belgium
• Married to ALEXANDRA
• Granddaughter of Victoria

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MILITARISM

• One important cause of World War One was the
  rivalries that developed between the European
  powers in the mid and late 1800s. The relative
  peace that existed between the European powers in
  the days after the Congress of Vienna was
  replaced by intense notions of national pride
  that lead to rivalries for political, social,
  economic and most importantly military
  dominance.

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• This saw the rise of MILITARISM the
  glorification of military power combined with an
  extreme sense of national pride. This new
  militarism combined with an almost absurd
  national pride was called JINGOISM.
• We dont want to fight,
• but by jingo, if we do,
• weve got the ships,
• weve got the men,
• weve got the money too. British song 1870s

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Theories of Militarism

• American naval officer ALFRED THAYER MAHAN
  wrote books stating that a nations well being
  and prosperity was based on its military power
  especially its naval power. His ideas helped
  push Germany, Great Britain, France, and the
  United States into quickly modernizing and
  expanding their navies.

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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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The Alliance System

• When Germany was created as an empire in 1871,
  Chancellor Otto von Bismarck feared that the new
  nation was vulnerable to a two front war with
  France in the west and Russia in the east. To
  protect Germany, he organized the TRIPLE
  ALLIANCE in 1882 with Germany, Austria-Hungary,
  and Italy. Each nation pledged to defend the
  others if attacked.

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• In 1890, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany fired
  Bismarck. Unfortunately, this removed Bismarcks
  understanding of balance from Germanys foreign
  policy.
• Since Wilhelm II was cousin to Tsar Nicholas II
  as well as the Tsarina Alexandra many people
  thought that the cousins would never bring their
  nations to war.

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• Tsar Nicholas II
• Alexandra
• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Queen Victoria

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• Russia had its own problems with Austria-Hungary
  and the Ottoman Empire. Slavic peoples in both
  empires looked to Russia for leadership. Russia
  felt that it had to protect the Slavs under
  Austrian and Ottoman control. These Slavic
  peoples lived in the south-eastern corner of
  Europe known as the BALKANS.
• The Triple Alliance also frightened Russia into
  making an alliance in 1894 with France.

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• The Germans felt surrounded when the Russians and
  French signed their alliance in 1894. They
  developed a plan to fight both France and Russia
  the SCHLIEFFEN PLAN. They would take out
  France quickly and then attack Russia. Their
  confidence in this plan made the Germans cocky.
  German Field Marshall Alfred von Schlieffen
  stated, Attack is the best defense.

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Schlieffen
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Great Britain

• For most of the 1800s, Great Britain was at peace
  with its European neighbors PAX BRITANNIA.
  This allowed Great Britain to build a powerful
  empire in Africa and Asia. British ships ruled
  the seas BUT they had challengers by 1900.

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• Great Britain was forced by reality to recognize
  that the United States was the leading power in
  the western hemisphere and the Pacific Ocean.
• Great Britain was worried about Japanese naval
  power in the Far East but developed diplomacy
  that used Japan to keep Russian advances in Asia
  in check.

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• Great Britain could not find a compromise with
  the growing economic and military power of
  Germany. Germany wanted dominance in Europe as
  well as the seas. Great Britain saw this as a
  direct threat to its naval power. As an island
  nation, Great Britain was always wary of any
  nation that could threaten its access to the sea
  and other nations. Again, people felt that since
  Wilhelm II was the grandson of Queen Victoria
  things would be alright. Victoria was one of the
  few people in the world who could control Wilhelm
  II.

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More Alliances

• 1904 Great Britain and France sign the ENTENTE
  CORDIALE which linked the two nations.
• While the English and Russian monarchs were
  cousins many people in England disliked the
  tsar and saw his government as brutal and
  repressive. (which it was!) Despite this, the
  common fear of German made the British and French
  ask the Russian to join them in an alliance in
  1907 the TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

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• When Britain signed an alliance with Russia the
  ancient enemy of the Ottoman Empire the Turks
  looked to Germany for an alliance from Berlin
  to Baghdad.
• Far from Queen Victorias hope for a united and
  peaceful Europe by 1907 Europe was split into
  two camps waiting for a fight.

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• European leaders trying to
• contain the problems in
• the Balkans (1912)

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The Balkans

• In the 1800s the Ottoman Empire began to lose its
  possessions in Europe. Nationalism led many
  groups to fight for independence such as Greece
  in 1830. Loss in warfare let other parts leave
  the Ottoman Empire. By 1912, Ottoman lands had
  been lost in order to create SERBIA, MONTENEGRO,
  ALBANIA, BULGARIA, and ROMANIA.

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The Question of Bosnia and Herzegovina

• The two Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and
  Herzegovina in 1908 were annexed by Austria into
  its empire.
• !!!!Serbia had wanted the provinces so that it
  could have access to the Adriatic Sea
• !!!!Austria feared that a strong Serbia would
  encourage parts of the Austrian Empire to develop
  nationalism and rebel.
• !!!!Russia was an ally of Serbia (PAN-SLAVISM)
  and Russia tried to support Serbia against
  Austria.
• !!!!Germany supported Austria against Serbia and
  Russia.

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Serbian Nationalism

• Tiny Serbia reacted with great hatred toward
  Austria because it annexed Bosnia and
  Herzegovina. One Serbian newspaper wrote
• Serbs, seize everything you can lay hands on
  knives, rifles, bombs and dynamite. Take holy
  vengeance! Death to the Habsburg dynasty!

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28 June 1914 Sarajevo

• On June 28, 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand the
  heir to the Austro-Hungarian Empire visited the
  Bosnian town of Sarajevo with his wife Sophie.
  As the royal couple started to leave their car at
  one stop, a Serbian named Gavrilo Princip stepped
  out of the crowd and shot the couple to death.

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• Archduke Franz Ferdinand
• and family

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• the
• assassin
• Princip

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• Princip was a member of the BLACK HAND a
  Serbian nationalist organization. He had the
  backing and support of the Serbian military
  intelligence. The Serbian military had just
  assassinated the heir to one of the major
  European powers just as all of Europe was split
  into alliances and on the edge of war.

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• THE MAIN
• PARTICIPANTS

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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

• George V

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• David Lloyd George
• Great Britain - Prime Minister

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France

• George Clemenceau
• Premier

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Russia

• Tsar Nicholas II
• son Tsarevich Alexis

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Italy

• Vittorio Orlando

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• King Victor Emmanuel - Italy

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Greece King Constantine Queen Sophia
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Romania King Ferdinand Queen Marie
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Serbia

• King Peter

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Belgium

• King Albert

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Montenegro

• King Nicholas

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Germany

• Kaiser Wilhelm II

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Austria-Hungary

• Emperor Franz Josef

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Bulgaria

• King Ferdinand

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Ottoman Empire

• Sultan Mohammed V

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A Family Fight

• All of the royal families of Europe were related.
  Many were first cousins most having Queen
  Victoria as a grandmother. The others were
  related in other ways. It was felt that with the
  heads of the royal families related there would
  not be a war or if there were a war it would
  be minor.

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• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Tsar Nicholas II
• Tsarina Alexandra
• Queen Victoria

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• Tsar Nicholas II
• King George V
• their mothers were daughter
• of the king of Denmark and
• aunts of the king of Greece

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Grandchildren of Victoria
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Queen Victorias uncle was King Leopold of
Belgiumso King Albert of Belgium was cousin to .

• George V of Great Britain
• Marie, Queen of Romania
• Kaiser Wilhelm II
• Sophia, Queen of Greece
• Alexandra, Tsarina of Russia

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To top it all off

• Kaiser Wilhelm II and Sophia, Queen of Greece
  were on opposite sides BUT were brother and
  sister.

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What happened next?????

• 1. Austria wants to declare war on Serbia but is
  afraid that Russia will come to the aid of
  Serbia.
• 2. Germany gives Austria a blank check when it
  assures Austria that Germany will support it if
  Russia declares war on Austria.
• 3. 28 July 1914 Austria declares war on Serbia.

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• 4. Russia mobilized its forces not just along
  its border with Austria but with its border
  with Germany.
• 5. Germany demanded that the Russians removed
  their troops from its border. Russia refused.
• 6. 1 August 1914 Germany declared war on Russia.

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• 7. Afraid that France will come to Russias aid,
  Germany quickly declares war on France. German
  implemented the Schlieffen Plan in order to knock
  France out of the war quickly.
• 8. The Schlieffen Plan called for Germany to
  invade France through the flat land of Belgium
  rather than through the Alps. Germany asked the
  king of Belgium permission to cross the neutral
  nation. He responded, Belgium is a country, not
  a highway. and he refused.

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• 9. 4 August 1914, Great Britain honored its
  mutual defense obligations and declared war on
  Germany. The British Royal Navy began a blockade
  of Germany in the North Sea.
• 10. Despite its treaty with Austria, Italy tried
  to remain neutral. Italy soon switched sides and
  joined Great Britain and France.

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• 11. THE ALLIED POWERS Great Britain, France,
  Italy, and Russia
• 12. THE CENTRAL POWERS Germany,
  Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria
• 13. Millions of young men join armies throughout
  Europe. There were scenes of celebration as most
  thought the idea of war great fun. Many feared
  the war was going to be over before they got
  there. Wilhelm II told his troops that they
  would be home before the leaves fell from the
  trees.

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• Not everyone was so confident or happy. The
  British Foreign Secretary Sir Edward Grey said,
  The lamps are going out all over Europe we
  shall not see them lit again in our lifetime.
  He was correct.

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