Balinese Dance Music, Rhythm, and Trance State

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Balinese DanceMusic, Rhythm, and Trance State

• Group 1 Alicia, Fred, Javier
• Monday, June 4, 2007

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OVERVIEW
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia

• History and Culture of Balinese Dance-Alicia
• Anthropological Studies and The Hypnotic Trance
• Neurophysiology of Dance Fred
• The Induction of Trance Javier
• Long Term Effects of Dance
• Discussion - All

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History of Balinese Dance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia

• Indigenous origin?combination of
  Malayo-Polynesian ancestor worship culture of a
  2500-1000 BC migration to Bali and more modern
  Hindu-Javanese elements (prior to 14th century
  AD)
• Dance as religion-gtancestor worship as well as
  ritual blessings offered to gods
• Children begin dance education/school from walking

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The Purpose of the Dance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia

• Educating the Community Story-telling of
  tradition and cultural values
• -Balance of Good and Evil
• -Gender Roles/Identity
• -Cultivating control of the self
  (body and emotions)
• Communion With the Gods
• Possession and Trance

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Hypnotic Trance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia

• Anthropological Studies of Margaret Mead
• Analysis of Trance by Erickson
• Absorption in dance
• Unified movement of the body
• Increased muscle tone/rigidity
• Minimum use of energy
• Additional Parallels to Hypnosis
• Amnesia
• Unusual Physical Feats Kris Dance

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The Character of the Dance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Alicia

• Primary Musical Instrument Percussion
• Training of specific types of coordinated
  movements arms, hands, legs, shoulders, eyes
• Rhythmic movement on time with drum
• Controlled Eye Movements
• ???How do these potentially induce trance???

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Balinese Dance
Group 1

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Neurophysiology
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• Human Dance
• Swinging in the Brain
• Eye Movements

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Human Dance Neural Basis
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• PET imaging
• Pattern Entrainment Study
• Interacting network of brain areas during
  patterned rhythmic dance movement.

Steven Brown1,2, Michael J. Martinez1 and
Lawrence M. Parsons. The Neural Basis of Human
Dance. Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published
October 17, 2005. http//cercor.oxfordjournals.org
/cgi/reprint/bhj057v2.pdf

• Human dance was investigated with positron
  emission tomography
• to identify its systems-level organization. Three
  core aspects of
• dance were examined entrainment, meter and
  patterned movement.
• Amateur dancers performed small-scale, cyclically
  repeated
• tango steps on an inclined surface to the beat of
  tango music,
• without visual guidance. Entrainment of dance
  steps to music,
• compared to self-pacing of movement, was
  supported by anterior
• cerebellar vermis. Movement to a regular, metric
  rhythm, compared
• to movement to an irregular rhythm, implicated
  the right putamen in
• the voluntary control of metric motion. Spatial
  navigation of leg
• movement during dance, when controlling for
  muscle contraction,
• activated the medial superior parietal lobule,
  reflecting proprioceptive
• and somatosensory contributions to spatial
  cognition in dance.
• Finally, additional cortical, subcortical and
  cerebellar regions were
• active at the systems level. Consistent with
  recent work on simpler,
• rhythmic, motor-sensory behaviors, these data
  reveal the interacting
• network of brain areas active during spatially
  patterned,
• bipedal, rhythmic movements that are integrated
  in dance.

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Neural Basis of DancePET Studies
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• Amateur dancers small-scale movements
• Comparison
• Metric vs. Motor condition
• Metric vs. Non-metric condition
• Metric vs. Contractions

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Neural Basis of DanceActivations
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• Right Putamen (BG Circuit)
• Movement regular rhythm vs. irregular rhythm
• Test voluntary control during metric motion
• Medial Superior Parietal Lobe
• Spatial navigation (pattern)
• Proprioceptive and somatosensory activations (in
  dance)
• Anterior cerebellar vermis

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Neural Basis of DanceActivations (cont.)
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• bilateral motor
• somatosensory and premotor areas
• right supplementary motor area
• right frontal operculum
• left medial superior parietal cortex
• superior temporal regions
• right cingulate motor area
• basal ganglia
• bilateral anterior vermal
• and posterior-lateral cerebellum

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Behavior and Dance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• Sequence learning and Sensorimotor coordination
  during tapping task
• Perceptual and motor systems are coupled across
  multiple levels of processing.
• simple coupling foot-tap
• complex dance

PetrJanata and Scott T Grafton. Swinging in the
brain shared neural substrates for behaviors
related to sequencing and music. Volume 6 Number
7 July 2003 Nature Neuroscience
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Behavior and DanceTiming
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• Metric Condition
• requires perception and production
• Non-metric Condition
• require explicit memory
• rhythmic properties of a piece of music
  entrain neural oscillators that facilitate
  synchronization of both perception and action
  with the underlying beat in music. (9,10)

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Behavior and Dance and sequencing
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• Serial Reaction Task (SRT)
• Outside temporal context
• Explicit memory
• Attention dynamically allocated to salient
  moments in time
• Attentional processes are embodied
• Attention and timing are interwoven, involved in
  sensorimotor coupling

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Eye-Movement Lucidity Research
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• EEG mapping of lucid dreaming
• Lucid Dreams generally initiated during periods
  of high ANS activity
• decreased finger pulse amplitude
• increased respiration rate and irregularity
• increased eye-movement activity relative to
  normal REM sleep
• Lucidity occurs during periods of relatively high
  brain activation
• sufficient CNS activation necessary before
  consciousness can be attained

LaBerge, S., Levitan, L., Dement, W. (1986).
Lucid dreaming Physiological correlates of
consciousness during REM sleep. Journal of Mind
and Behavior, 7, 251-258. http//www.psywww.com/a
sc/ld/research.html
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EMDR
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Fred

• Francine Shapiro
• New therapeutic movement
• Eye Movement Desensitization Reprogramming
  (EMDR).

Cincinnati Skeptic Vol. 4, No. 3. EMDR Works! Is
That Enough? The Newsletter of The Association
for Rational Thought 3 February,
1995http//www.cincinnatiskeptics.org/newsletter/
art4-3.html
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Balinese Dance
Group 1

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Long-term EffectsDance and Trance
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Javier

• Trance State
• Long-Term
• The Mind-Body Connection
• Music Perception and Movement

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Trance State
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Javier

• What is trance?
• A sleeplike state that is sometimes followed by
  an indifference of objective environment and
  amnesia.
• How is it induced?
• induced by rigorous tasks that require focused
  attention, such as dance, running, fasting, etc
• However, also induced by drugs, stress, and
  emotions, which all affect the cholinergic system.

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Long-TermSee Fred, see Fred Dance
Javier
Balinese Dance
Group 1

• MNS and Dance
• trained dancers showed more activity of MNS to
  known dances when compared to non-dancers -
  Daniel Glaser
• Benefits of Dance
• Movement can serve as a mediator to facilitate
  behavioral change and well being.

http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/3204/01-re
sup.html
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Mind-Body Connection
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Javier

• Rhythm
• People moving in the same rhythm with the same
  spatial configuration become identified with one
  another. Gradually they assume a common
  expression, moving with the same dynamic
  qualities (effort synchrony), in comparable areas
  of space (spatial synchrony), to the same rhythm
  (rhythmic synchrony. In this way the group
  achieves a sense of solidarity.

(p.19, Moreno 1988) Mind/Body Connection
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Mind-Body connection
Balinese Dance
Group 1
Javier

• Effects of rhythmic sounds on the brain
• Beat Tempo
• Pulse rate, galvanic skin response, and blood
  pressure stabilize to match external tempi.
• Respiration and metabolism accelerate.
• Rhythmic Movements
• An inherited biological response regulated by
  internal rhythmic generators and reactive to
  external rhythmic factors

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Discussion
Balinese Dance
Group 1

• What are ASCs?
• Lack of PFC activity
• Attention Shift
• Rhythm and collective consciousness
• Social cognition and music
• Dance Dance Revolution

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Works Cited
Balinese Dance
Group 1

• Bandem, I. and deBoer, F. Balinese Dance in
  Transition. Oxford University Press, New York
  1995.
• Cynthia F. Berrol. The neurophysiologic basis of
  the mind-body connection in dance/movement
  therapy. American Journal of Dance Therapy,
  Volume 14, Number 1 / March, 1992, 19-29.
  http//www.springerlink.com/content/p48633k645807x
  32/
• Cincinnati Skeptic Vol. 4, No. 3. EMDR Works! Is
  That Enough? The Newsletter of The Association
  for Rational Thought 3 February, 1995.
  http//www.cincinnatiskeptics.org/newsletter/art4
  -3.html.
• Haley, R. and Haley, J. Dance and trance of
  Balinese children videorecording / Triangle
  Productions Filmakers Library, New York, N.Y,
  c1995.
• LaBerge, S., Levitan, L., Dement, W. (1986).
  Lucid dreaming Physiological correlates of
  consciousness during REM sleep. Journal of Mind
  and Behavior, 7, 251-258. http//www.psywww.com/as
  c/ld/research.html
• Large, E.W. On synchronizing movments to music.
  Hum. Mov. Sci. 19, 527-566 (2000)
• Large, E.W Palmer, C. Percieving t emporal
  regularity in music. Cognit. Sci. 26 ,1-37 (2002)
• PetrJanata and Scott T Grafton. Swinging in the
  brain shared neural substrates for behaviors
  related to sequencing and music. Volume 6 Number
  7 July 2003 Nature Neuroscience.
• Stefan Koelsch1 and Walter A. Siebel2. Towards a
  neural basis of music perception TRENDS in
  Cognitive Sciences Vol.9 No.12 December 2005.
• Steven Brown1,2, Michael J. Martinez1 and
  Lawrence M. Parsons. The Neural Basis of Human
  Dance. Cerebral Cortex Advance Access published
  October 17, 2005. http//cercor.oxfordjournals.org
  /cgi/reprint/bhj057v2.pdf