The Body as a Compartment

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The Body as a Compartment

• The body is a compartment (a container)
• Distinction from outside environment and inside
  environment
• Allows us to maintain internal conditions
  regardless of external conditions

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• The body contains many compartments
• organs and cells
• Each can act somewhat independently from the
  other to maintain internal conditions separate
  from the rest of the body

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Compartmentalization plays an important role in
the evolution of life
Single cells
Two cell layers
Multicellular
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The Bodys OrganizationEach level represents a
different compartment
See Basics about the Bodys Organization p10 11
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Four Categories of Tissues

• In Latin means weave
• Epithelial tissue
• Connective tissue
• Nervous tissue
• Muscle tissue

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Epithelial Tissue

• Covers the outside of the body
• Lines the inner organs
• Act as barriers against invasive microorganisms,
  fluid loss, and injury
• Secretes or absorbs chemical solutions

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Connective Tissue

• Binds and supports other tissues
• Adipose tissue
• Cartilage
• Bone
• Blood

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Nervous Tissue
Made of nerve cells or neurons Transmits signals
called nerve impulses Brain and Spinal cord are
made of nervous tissue
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Muscle Tissue

• The most abundant tissue in most mammals
• Stimulated by nerve impulses
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth

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Tissues are made of Cells
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Blood cells (erythrocytes)
Bone (osteocytes)
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Plants as Compartmentalized Organisms
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Cells have internal structure too they are
compartmentalized into organelles
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Generalized animal cell
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Organelles of the cell

• cell membrane
• nucleus
• cytoskeleton
• lysosomes
• centrioles
• ribosomes
• mitochondria
• endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• cytoplasm

• Chloroplasts
• Vacuole
• Cell wall

Refer to Basics about Cell Structure p 12-13
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The cell membrane
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The cell membrane

• Semifluid cell boundary (thick oil)
• controls passage in/out of cell
• Made of 2 lipid layers with proteins on its
  surface and embedded within the layers

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• Largest organelle in animal cells
• Control center
• Genetic information stored as chromosomes
• Nucleoli where some RNA is made

Nucleus
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Microscope views of Nucleus
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View of Cytoskeleton

• Network of protein filaments
• provides structure and shape to the cell
• Movement of the cell
• internal movement of organelles and other
  molecules

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Cell motility
cilia
flagella
Pseudopodia false feet
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The Platelet Cytoskeleton

• platelets are small, non-nucleated cells that
  perform blood clotting and wound repair
• cytoskeleton must be flexible enough to
  facilitate numerous changes in cell shape

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Centrioles

• A component of the cytoskeleton
• Play an important role in cell division

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Lysosome

• The stomach of the cell
• contains a battery of degradative enzymes
• Degrades proteins
• carbs, fats
• found exclusively in animal cells
• materials taken in by the cell
• bacteria
• viruses
• bad proteins

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Tay Sachs disease

• Due to abnormal enzyme in Lysosome
• This enzymes needed to break down
  excessganglioside a lipid which produced in
  neurons
• Excess ganglioside builds up in cell winds up
  destroying it.
• Symptoms begin w/in a few months of birth
• blindness, mental retardation, death is
  inevitable

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The MightyMitochondrion! Powerhouse of the Cell
ATP
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Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Synthesizes proteins and fats destined for the
  cell membrane and for secretion out of the cell

Ribosomes synthesis of proteins
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Golgi Apparatus

• The FED EX of the cell
• flattened membranes or sacs
• process, sort and modify
• Transport vesicles are capsules filled with
  proteins destined for secretion

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Plant Cells Chloroplasts
Granum
Stroma
Do not post photos on Internet
1 mm
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Thylakoid lumen
Thylakoid membrane
Where Photosynthesis takes place
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Plant Cells Vacuoles

• stores water, ions, and nutrients
• receptacles for waste products (like the
  lysosome)
• regulates turgor pressure through osmosis

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Plant Cells The cell wall

• Made of carbohydrates (cellulose)
• Protection and structure
• All cells, except animal cells, have cell walls

Vacuole fills
Vacuole shrinks
Hypertonic
Hypotonic solution
Hypertonic
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Activity
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Interacting Systems

• Transport and Defense
• Circulatory System
• Lymphatic System
• Exchange with the Environment
• Gas exchange system
• Urinary
• Digestive
• Control and Regulation
• Nervous
• Endocrine
• Protection, Support, and Movement
• Integumentary
• Skeletal
• Muscular
• Reproductive

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Biological Exchanges

• The Circulatory system
• What really happens during a heart attack?

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Biological Exchanges

• The circulatory system allows the body to
  exchange materials with the external environment.
• respiratory system
• oxygen and carbon dioxide

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Exchange with the Environment

• Transport nutrients to every cell in the body and
  removes wastes.
• digestive system (nutrients)
• urinary system (waste)

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The Circulatory System

• Composed of
• Heart
• All vessels leading to and from the heart
• Functions
• Circulates gases
• Delivers nutrients to cells
• Removes waste from cells
• Stabilizes body temperature
• Highway for hormones
• Highway for cells that fight infection

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The Human Heart Basics about the circulatory
system

• The heart is the size of your fist
• Comprised mostly of cardiac tissue
• Four chambers
• 2 atria (blood comes in)
• 2 ventricles (blood goes out)
• flaps of connective tissue that prevent back flow
  of blood

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Measuring the function of the heart

• Pulse the rhythmic stretching of the arteries
  caused by the pressure of blood driven by the
  powerful contraction of the ventricles
• Heart rate the number of times your heart
  beats/minute

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Controlling the rhythm of the Heart

• Pacemakers
• Sinoatrial Node (SA) the pacemaker, located in
  the right atrium, it sets the rate at which all
  cardiac muscles contract
• Atrioventricular (AV node)

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SA node or pacemaker
Left atrium
Right atrium
AV node
Right ventricle
Left ventricle
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Veins, Arteries, and Capillaries

• The layers of tissues
• Outermost layer is connective tissue with elastic
  fibers
• A middle layer of smooth muscle tissue
• An inner layer of epithelium a thin layer of
  skin

vein
artery
capillary
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Arteries

• Move blood away from the heart
• Thick-walled blood vessels
• Aorta and pulmonary artery
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Blood moves through arteries as a result of
  pumping of the heart

pulmonary artery
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Veins
Superior vena cava

• Move blood toward the heart
• Thin-walled blood vessels
• Inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
• Veins
• Venules
• Capillaries
• Blood moves toward the heart through the
  contraction of muscles

Inferior vena cava
Why your foot goes to sleep!
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Blood Flow in Veins
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Capillaries

• Very small
• One blood cell at a time
• Make contact with every cell in the body

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Exchange at the Capillaries

• The exchange of substances between the blood and
  interstitial fluid
• The transfer occurs by
• Endocytosis
• Diffusion
• Bulk flow (blood pressure)
• Osmosis

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The movement of fluid between capillaries and the
interstitial fluid
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Outer coat (connective tissue)
VEIN
Endothelium
Lymphatic
Smooth muscle
Vein
Artery
ARTERY
Outer coat (connective tissue)
Venule
Arteriole
Endothelium
Capillary bed
Lymph node
CAPILLARY
(b)
Capillaries
Summary Slide
(a)
Lymph capillaries
Movement of interstitial fluid
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Blood Pressure

• Rate of blood flow through the arteries,
• The force that blood exerts against the wall of a
  vessel

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Blood

• Blood is a connective tissue with cells suspended
  in plasma (fluid or serum)
• 4-6 L of blood in the human body

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Plasma
Blood Cells

• 90 water
• inorganic salts
• plasma proteins
• Lipid escorts
• pH buffers
• Antibodies
• fibrinogens
• Waste products
• Nutrients
• Oxygen
• Hormones

• Red blood cells are called erythrocytes
• Concave structure
• Lack nuclei
• Carry oxygen via hemoglobin

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Blood Clotting

• Platelets (small cells)
• Plasma or serum
• Clotting factors

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The Gas Exchange System (Respiratory System)

• Transports air from the external environment into
  our bodies
• Transports air from our lungs to the external
  environment

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• The smallest bronchioles open to small air-filled
  sacs called aveoli
• Each aveolus is covered by an extensive network
  of capillaries

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The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between
the lungs and cells of the body
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The exchange of CO2 between body cells and RBCs
High concentration of CO2
Low concentration of CO2
Blood plasma becomes acidic
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Blood plasma becomes less acidic
The exchange of CO2 between RBCs and Alveoli
High concentration of CO2
Low concentration of CO2
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Hemoglobin carries O2

• All healthy red blood cells contain a protein
  called hemoglobin
• Hemoglobin contains a molecule of iron
• Iron binds oxygen

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Sickle Cell Anemia

• Patients with sickle cell anemia carry faulty
  hemoglobin proteins in their blood cells
• Cannot transport oxygen to the cells of their
  body
• Red blood cells take on a sickle shape

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Why do people die after a heart attack?
What really happens after a heart attack?