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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Unit 2 Ecology Unit
3 The Life of a Cell Unit 4 Genetics Unit 5
Change Through Time Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria,
Protists, and Fungi Unit 7 Plants Unit 8
Invertebrates Unit 9 Vertebrates Unit 10 The
Human Body
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 1 What is Biology? Chapter 1
Biology The Study of Life Unit 2 Ecology
Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology Chapter
3 Communities and Biomes Chapter 4
Population Biology Chapter 5 Biological
Diversity and Conservation Unit 3 The Life of a
Cell Chapter 6 The Chemistry of Life
Chapter 7 A View of the Cell Chapter 8
Cellular Transport and the Cell Cycle
Chapter 9 Energy in a Cell
4
Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 4 Genetics Chapter 10 Mendel and
Meiosis Chapter 11 DNA and Genes
Chapter 12 Patterns of Heredity and Human
Genetics Chapter 13 Genetic
Technology Unit 5 Change Through Time
Chapter 14 The History of Life Chapter
15 The Theory of Evolution Chapter 16
Primate Evolution Chapter 17 Organizing
Lifes Diversity
5
Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 6 Viruses, Bacteria, Protists, and Fungi
Chapter 18 Viruses and Bacteria
Chapter 19 Protists Chapter 20 Fungi
Unit 7 Plants Chapter 21 What Is a
Plant? Chapter 22 The Diversity of
Plants Chapter 23 Plant Structure and
Function Chapter 24 Reproduction in Plants
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Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 8 Invertebrates Chapter 25 What Is
an Animal? Chapter 26 Sponges,
Cnidarians, Flatworms, and
Roundworms Chapter 27
Mollusks and Segmented Worms Chapter 28
Arthropods Chapter 29 Echinoderms and
Invertebrate
Chordates
7
Table of Contents pages iv-v
Unit 9 Vertebrates Chapter 30 Fishes
and Amphibians Chapter 31 Reptiles and
Birds Chapter 32 Mammals Chapter 33
Animal Behavior Unit 10 The Human Body
Chapter 34 Protection, Support, and
Locomotion Chapter 35 The Digestive and
Endocrine Systems Chapter 36 The Nervous
System Chapter 37 Respiration,
Circulation, and Excretion Chapter 38
Reproduction and Development Chapter 39
Immunity from Disease
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Unit Overview pages 142-143
What is Biology?
Biology The Study of Life
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Chapter Contents page vii
Chapter 1 Biology The Study of Life 1.1 What
is Biology? 1.1 Section Check 1.2 The
Methods of Biology 1.2 Section Check 1.3 The
Nature of Biology 1.3 Section Check Chapter 1
Summary Chapter 1 Assessment
10
Chapter Intro-page 2
What Youll Learn
You will identify the characteristics of life.
You will recognize how scientific methods are
used to study living things.
11
1.1 Section Objectives page 3
Section Objectives

• Recognize some possible benefits from studying
  biology.

• Summarize the characteristics of living things.

12
Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
The Science of Biology

• The concepts, principles, and theories that allow
  people to understand the natural environment form
  the core of biology, the study of life.

• A key aspect of biology is simply learning about
  the different types of living things around you.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
The Science of Biology

• Life on Earth includes not only the common
  organisms you notice every day, but also
  distinctive life forms that have unusual
  behaviors.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
The Science of Biology

• When studying the different types of living
  things, youll ask what, why, and how questions
  about life.

• The answers to such questions lead to the
  development of general biological principles and
  rules.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Biologists study the interactions of life

• One of the most general principles in biology is
  that living things do not exist in isolation
  they are all functioning parts in the delicate
  balance of nature.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Biologists study the interactions of life

• Living things interact with their environment and
  depend upon other living and nonliving things to
  aid their survival.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Biologists study the Diversity of Life

• Through your study of biology, you will come to
  appreciate the great diversity of life on Earth
  and the way all living organisms fit into the
  dynamic pattern of life on our planet.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Biologists study the interactions of the
environment

• Because no living things, including humans, exist
  in isolation, the study of biology must include
  the investigation of living interactions.

• The study of one living thing always involves the
  study of the others with which it interacts.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Biologists study problems and propose solutions

• The study of biology will teach you how humans
  function and how we fit in with the rest of the
  natural world.

• It will also equip you with the knowledge you
  need to help sustain this planets web of life.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Characteristics of Living Things

• Biologists have formulated a list of
  characteristics by which we can recognize living
  things.

• Only when something has all of them can it then
  be considered living.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Characteristics of Living Things

• Anything that possesses all of the
  characteristics of life is known as an organism.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Characteristics of Living Things
All living things

• have an orderly structure

• produce offspring

• grow and develop

• adjust to changes in the environment

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things are organized

• When biologists search for signs of life, one of
  the first things they look for is structure.
  Thats because they know that all living things
  show an orderly structure, or organization.

• Whether an organism is made up of one cell or
  billions of cells, all of its parts function
  together in an orderly, living system.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things make more living things

• One of the most obvious of all the
  characteristics of life is reproduction, the
  production of offspring.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things make more living things

• Reproduction is not essential for the survival of
  an individual organism, but it is essential for
  the continuation of the organisms species.

• A species is a group of organisms that can
  interbreed and produce fertile offspring in
  nature.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things change during their lives

• Growth results in an increase in the amount of
  living material and the formation of new
  structures.

• All organisms grow, with different parts of the
  organism growing at different rates.

• All of the changes that take place during the
  life of an organism are known as its development.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things adjust to their surroundings

• Organisms live in a constant interface with their
  surroundings, or environment, which includes the
  air, water, weather, temperature, any other
  organisms in the area, and many other factors.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things adjust to their surroundings

• Anything in an organisms external or internal
  environment that causes the organism to react is
  a stimulus.

• A reaction to a stimulus is a response.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things adjust to their surroundings

• Regulation of an organisms internal environment
  to maintain conditions suitable for its survival
  is called homeostasis.

• Living things reproduce themselves, grow and
  develop, respond to external stimuli, and
  maintain homeostasis by using energy.

• Energy is the ability to cause change.

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Section 1.1 Summary pages 3-10
Living things adapt and evolve

• Any structure, behavior, or internal process that
  enables an organism to respond to environmental
  factors and live to produce offspring is called
  an adaptation.

• Adaptations are inherited from previous
  generations.

• The gradual change in a species through
  adaptations over time is evolution.

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Section 1 Check
Question 1
How does society benefit from the study of
biology?
FL SC.H.3.4.3,SC.D.2.4.1, SC.H.3.4.6
32
Section 1 Check
Benefits include advances in medical treatments
and disease prevention, learning more about how
the human body functions, increasing knowledge of
human relationships and better understanding of
how to sustain the web of life on Earth.
FL SC.H.3.4.3,SC.D.2.4.1, SC.H.3.4.6
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Section 1 Check
Question 2
What is the origin of the term "biology"?
34
Section 1 Check
"Biology" comes from two Greek words, "bios"
meaning life, and "logos" meaning study. Biology
is the study of life.
35
Section 1 Check
Question 3
What are some characteristics of living things?
FL SC.F.1.4.2
36
Section 1 Check
All living things have an orderly structure,
produce offspring, grow and develop, and adjust
to changes in the environment. Sometimes
nonliving things have one or more of these
characteristics, but unless something has all of
them it is not considered to be a living thing.
These plants are called Lithops from the Greek
lithos, meaning stone. Although they dont
appear to be so, Lithops are just as alive as
elephants. Both species possess all of the
characteristics of life.
FL SC.F.1.4.2
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Section 1 Check
Question 4
A group of organisms that can interbreed and
produce fertile offspring is a(n) __________.
A. organization
B. species
C. environment
D. niche
FL SC.G.1.4.1
38
Section 1 Check
The answer is B, species.
FL SC.G.1.4.1
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Section 1 Check
Question 5
What is the importance of homeostasis?
FL SC.F.1.4.7
40
Section 1 Check
Homeostasis is the regulation of an organism's
internal environment to maintain conditions
suitable for survival. An example is the
adjustment an organism makes in the amount of
water in its cells without the ability to make
such adjustments, organisms die.
FL SC.F.1.4.7
41
Section 1 Check
Question 6
Which of the following is an example of an
adaptation?
A. the gradual change in a species over time
B. changing only one condition at a
time during an experiment
C. possessing large eyes for efficient night
vision
D. all the changes that take place during
the lifetime of an organism
FL SC.G.2.4.3,SC.F.2.4.3
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Section 1 Check
The answer is C. A structure, behavior or
internal process that enables an organism to
respond to environmental factors and live to
reproduce is an adaptation. Evolution is the
gradual change of a species over time and occurs
through adaptations.
FL SC.G.2.4.3,SC.F.2.4.3
43
1.2 Section Objectives page 11
Section Objectives

• Compare different scientific methods.

• Differentiate among hypothesis, theory, and
  principle.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Observing and Hypothesizing

• The knowledge obtained when scientists answer
  one question often generates other questions or
  proves useful in solving other problems.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
The methods biologists use

• The common steps that biologists and other
  scientists use to gather information and
  answer questions are collectively known as
  scientific methods.

• Scientific methods usually begin with
  scientists identifying a problem to solve by
  observing the world around them.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
The methods biologists use

• A hypothesis is an explanation for a question
  or a problem that can be formally tested.

• Hypothesizing is one of the methods most
  frequently used by scientists.

• A hypothesis is not a random guess.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
The methods biologists use

• Eventually, the scientist may test a hypothesis
  by conducting an experiment.

• The results of the experiment will help the
  scientist draw a conclusion about whether or
  not the hypothesis is correct.

48
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Experimenting

• To a scientist, an experiment is an
  investigation that tests a hypothesis by the
  process of collecting information under
  controlled conditions.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
What is a controlled experiment?

• Some experiments involve two groups the
  control group and the experimental group.

• The control is the group in which all
  conditions are kept the same.

• The experimental group is the test group, in
  which all conditions are kept the same except
  for the single condition being tested.

50
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Designing an experiment

• In a controlled experiment, only one condition
  is changed at a time.

• The condition in an experiment that is changed
  is the independent variable, because it is the
  only variable that affects the outcome of the
  experiment.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Designing an experiment

• While changing the independent variable, the
  scientist observes or measures a second
  condition that results from the change.

• This condition is the dependent variable,
  because any changes in it depend on changes
  made to the independent variable.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Designing an experiment

• Controlled experiments are most often used in
  laboratory settings.

• However, not all investigations are
  controlled.

• An investigation such as this, which has no
  control, is the type of biological investigation
  most often used in field work.

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Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Using tools

• Biologists use a variety of tools to obtain
  information in an investigation.

• Common tools include beakers, test tubes, hot
  plates, petri dishes, thermometers,
  balances, metric rulers, and graduated
  cylinders.

54
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Using tools

• More complex tools include microscopes,
  centrifuges, radiation detectors,
  spectrophotometers, DNA analyzers, and gas
  chromatographs.

55
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Maintaining safety

• Safety is another important factor that
  scientists consider when carrying out
  investigations.

Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a
danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of
sharp objects exists.
Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears
when substances used could stain or burn clothing.
Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to
the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn
when this symbol appears.
Chemical Safety This symbol appears when
chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous
if absorbed through the skin.
56
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Maintaining safety

• A safety symbol is a symbol that warns you
  about a danger that may exist from chemicals,
  electricity, heat, or procedures you will use.

Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a
danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of
sharp objects exists.
Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears
when substances used could stain or burn clothing.
Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to
the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn
when this symbol appears.
Chemical Safety This symbol appears when
chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous
if absorbed through the skin.
57
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Data gathering

• Information obtained from investigations is
  called data.

• Often, data are in numerical form.

58
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Data gathering

• Numerical data may be measurements of time,
  temperature, length, mass, area, volume, or
  other factors. Numerical data may also be
  counts.

• Sometimes data are expressed in verbal form,
  using words to describe observations made during
  an investigation.

59
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Thinking about what happened
After careful review of the results, the
scientist must come to a conclusion

• Was the hypothesis supported by the data?

• Was it not supported?

• Are more data needed?

60
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Verifying results

• After results of an investigation have been
  published, other scientists can try to verify
  the results by repeating the procedure.

• When a hypothesis is supported by data from
  additional investigations, it is considered
  valid and is generally accepted by the
  scientific community.

61
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Theories and laws

• In science, a hypothesis that is supported by
  many separate observations and investigations,
  usually over a long period of time, becomes a
  theory.

• A theory is an explanation of a natural
  phenomenon that is supported by a large body
  of scientific evidence obtained from many
  different investigations and observations.

62
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Reporting results

• Results and conclusions of investigations are
  reported in scientific journals, where they are
  available for examination by other scientists.

63
Section 1.2 Summary pages 11-18
Theories and laws

• In addition to theories, scientists also
  recognize certain facts of nature, called laws
  or principles, that are generally known to be
  true.

64
Section 2 Check
Question 1
What is the difference between a hypothesis
and an observation?
FL SC.H.2.4.2
65
Section 2 Check
A hypothesis is an explanation for a question or
problem and can be formally tested. An
observation is something that has been noticed,
often generating questions that lead to the
formation of a hypothesis.
FL SC.H.2.4.2
66
Section 2 Check
Question 2
A scientist conducts an experiment to test
the effect of light on plant growth. In each
experiment, three plants of the same variety are
each given 10 mL of water. One plant is exposed
to full sunlight for 8 hours, one is exposed to
full sunlight for 4 hours, and one plant is kept
in a dark room. Plant height is measured after
two weeks. What is the independent variable in
this experiment?
FL SC.H.2.4.2
67
Section 2 Check
Question 2
What is the independent variable in this
experiment?
A. soil volume
B. amount of sunlight
C. plant height
D. amount of water
FL SC.H.2.4.2
68
Section 2 Check
The answer is B. The independent variable is the
condition that is changed. In this case, the
amount of sunlight is changed for each plant.
Plant heights are measured results of the
experiment, so plant height is the dependent
variable.
FL SC.H.2.4.2
69
Section 2 Check
Question 3
Which of the following is the group in an
experiment in which all conditions are kept the
same?
A. standard
B. independent variable
C. experimental
D. control
FL SC.H.2.4.2
70
Section 2 Check
The answer is D. Conditions are kept the same in
the control group. The experimental group is the
test group.
FL SC.H.2.4.2
71
Section 2 Check
Question 4
Compare the terms "theory" and "principle".
72
Section 2 Check
A theory is an explanation of a natural
phenomenon that is supported by a large body of
scientific evidence. A principle is a fact of
nature, generally known to be true, such as the
law of gravity.
73
1.3 Section Objectives page 19
Section Objectives

• Compare and contrast quantitative and qualitative
  information.

• Explain why science and technology cannot solve
  all problems.

74
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Kinds of Information

• Scientific information can usually be classified
  into one of two main types, quantitative or
  qualitative.

75
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Quantitative information

• Biologists sometimes conduct controlled
  experiments that result in counts or
  measurementsthat is, numerical data.

• These kinds of experiments occur in quantitative
  research. The data are analyzed by comparing
  numerical values.

76
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Quantitative information
Paramecium Survival Rates

• Quantitative data may be used to make a graph
• or table.

Number of paramecia surviving
Temperature
77
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Quantitative information

• Graphs and tables communicate large amounts of
  data in a form that is easy to understand.

Paramecium Survival Rates
Number of paramecia surviving
Temperature
78
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Measuring in the International System

• Scientists always report measurements in a form
  of the metric system called the International
  System of Measurement, commonly known as SI.

SI Base Units
Measurement
Symbol
Unit
Length
meter
m
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
s
ampere
A
Electric current
Temperature
kelvin
K
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Intensity of light
candela
cd
79
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Measuring in the International System
In biology, the metric units you will encounter
most often are

• meter (length),

• gram (mass),

• liter (volume),

• second (time), and

• Celsius degree (temperature).

80
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Qualitative information

• Observational datathat is, written descriptions
  of what scientists observeare often just as
  important in the solution of a scientific problem
  as numerical data.

• When biologists use purely observational data,
  they are using qualitative information.

81
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Science and Society

• Ethics refers to the moral principles and values
  held by humans.

• Society as a whole must take responsibility for
  the ethical use of scientific discoveries.

82
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Can science answer all questions?

• Some questions are simply not in the realm of
  science.

• Such questions may involve decisions regarding
  good versus evil, ugly versus beautiful, or
  similar judgements.

83
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Can technology solve all problems?

• Scientific study that is carried out mainly for
  the sake of knowledgewith no immediate interest
  in applying the results to daily livingis called
  pure science.

84
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Can technology solve all problems?

• Other scientists work in research that has
• obvious and immediate applications.

• Technology is the application of scientific
  research to societys needs and problems.

85
Section 1.3 Summary pages 19-23
Can technology solve all problems?

• Science and technology will never answer all of
  the questions we ask, nor will they solve all of
  our problems.

86
Section 3 Check
Question 1
Explain the difference between quantitative
and qualitative information.
87
Quantitative information can be expressed
numerically, and may also be used to generate
graphs or tables in order to communicate data
clearly. Qualitative information is not expressed
numerically. Observational data and written
descriptions of what scientists observe, are
qualitative information.
U.S. Students Enrolled in Physical Education
Male
Female
Section 3 Check
88
Section 3 Check
Question 2
Why is the SI system important to
scientists?
89
SI is the International System of Measurement.
The use of SI enables scientists anywhere in the
world to understand data reported by other
scientists, and makes peer review of results
easier.
SI Base Units
Measurement
Symbol
Unit
Length
meter
m
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
s
ampere
A
Electric current
Temperature
kelvin
K
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Intensity of light
candela
cd
Section 3 Check
90
Section 3 Check
Question 3
Which of the following is an SI unit?
A. foot
B. pound
C. second
D. yard
91
The answer is C. Second is the SI unit of time.
SI Base Units
Measurement
Symbol
Unit
Length
meter
m
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
s
ampere
A
Electric current
Temperature
kelvin
K
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Intensity of light
candela
cd
Section 3 Check
92
Section 3 Check
Question 4
Explain how ethics are part of scientific
discoveries.
FL SC.H.2.4.2
93
Ethics are a system of moral values or principles
of right conduct. The knowledge gained through
scientific research is not good or bad, but some
applications of scientific knowledge may be
considered unacceptable to some people. It is the
responsibility of society as a whole to determine
the ethical use of scientific discoveries.
FL SC.H.2.4.2
Section 3 Check
94
Section 3 Check
Question 5
How does technology benefit a society?
FL SC.H.3.4.3
95
Technology is the application of scientific
research to society's needs and problems. It can
result in improvements in such areas as food
production, waste and pollution reduction, and
medical care. While technology has provided
numerous benefits, sometimes problems result as
well.
FL SC.H.3.4.3
Section 3 Check
96
Chapter Summary 1.1
What is biology?

• Biology is the organized study of living things
  and their interactions with their natural and
  physical environments.

• All living things have four characteristics in
  common organization, reproduction, growth and
  development, and the ability to adjust to the
  environment.

97
Chapter Summary 1.2
The Methods of Biology

• Biologists use controlled experiments to obtain
  data that either do or do not support a
  hypothesis. By publishing the results and
  conclusions of an experiment, a scientist allows
  others to try to verify the results. Repeated
  verification over time leads to the development
  of a theory.

98
Chapter Summary 1.2
The Methods of Biology

• Scientific methods are used by scientists to
  answer questions or solve problems. Scientific
  methods include observing, making a hypothesis,
  collecting data, publishing results, forming a
  theory, developing new hypotheses, and revising
  the theory.

99
Chapter Summary 1.3
The Nature of Biology

• Biologists do their work in laboratories and in
  the field. They collect both quantitative and
  qualitative data from their experiments and
  investigations.

• Scientists conduct investigations to increase
  knowledge about the natural world. Scientific
  results may help solve some problems, but not all.

100
Chapter Assessment
Question 1
What results in an increase in the amount of
living material in an organism?
A. growth
B. development
C. stimuli
D. energy
101
The answer is A. Growth results in an increase of
living material development refers to the
changes that take place during the life of the
organism.
Chapter Assessment
102
Chapter Assessment
Question 2
Which of the following enables an organism to
maintain homeostasis?
A. evolution
B. environment
C. energy
D. experimentation
FL SC.F.1.4.1
103
The answer is C. Homeostasis is the regulation of
an organism's internal environment. Living things
maintain homeostasis, as well as grow and develop
and reproduce themselves, by using energy from
food.
FL SC.F.1.4.1
Chapter Assessment
104
Chapter Assessment
Question 3
Compare the developments of unicellular and
multi-cellular organisms.
105
Both types of organisms grow. However,
multi-cellular organisms undergo more changes
during their lives, therefore greater
development, than do unicellular organisms.
Chapter Assessment
106
Chapter Assessment
Question 4
Compare the energy sources of plants and animals.
FL SC.G.1.4.2
107
Organisms get their energy from food. Plants make
their own food using energy from the Sun. Animals
get their energy from plants or from organisms
that consume plants.
FL SC.G.1.4.2
Chapter Assessment
108
Chapter Assessment
Question 5
Which of the following is an example of
observational data? What type of data are the
other examples?
A. description of panda behavior
B. number of bees that visit a flower per day
C. temperature at which bees cease flying
D. average number of panda offspring per
adult female
FL SC.H.2.4.2
109
The answer is A. The other examples are numerical
data.
FL SC.H.2.4.2
Chapter Assessment
110
Chapter Assessment
Question 6
Which of the following is an appropriate question
for science to consider?
A. Which type of rose produces the most
pleasing scent?
B. What brand of fertilizer should farmers use?
C. Does breaking a mirror cause bad luck?
D. What birds prefer nesting in low shrubs?
111
The answer is D. Questions that involve judgments
about beauty or matters of opinion are not in the
realm of science.
Chapter Assessment
112
Chapter Assessment
Question 7
In a controlled experiment, the __________ is the
observed condition that results from the change
of the __________.
A. independent variable, dependent variable
B. dependent variable, independent variable
C. dependent variable, control group
D. independent variable, hypothesis
FL SC.H.2.4.2
113
The answer is B. In a controlled experiment, the
condition that is changed is the independent
variable. The scientist then observes or measures
the dependent variable that results.
FL SC.H.2.4.2
Chapter Assessment
114
Chapter Assessment
Question 8
Define the term "evolution".
FL SC.G.2.4.3
115
Evolution is the gradual change in a species
through adaptations that are inherited from
previous generations.
Camel Evolution
Eocene 54 million years ago
Oligocene 33 million years ago
Miocene 23 million years ago
Paleocene 65 million years ago
Age
Present
Organism
Skull and teeth
Limb bones
FL SC.G.2.4.3
Chapter Assessment
116
Chapter Assessment
Question 9
Why are safety symbols important?
117
It is the responsibility of persons conducting
scientific investigations to minimize hazards to
themselves and others working around them. Safety
symbols warn of any dangers that may exist.
Sharp Object Safety This symbol appears when a
danger of cuts or punctures caused by the use of
sharp objects exists.
Clothing Protection Safety This symbol appears
when substances used could stain or burn clothing.
Eye Safety This symbol appears when a danger to
the eyes exists. Safety goggles should be worn
when this symbol appears.
Chemical Safety This symbol appears when
chemicals used can cause burns or are poisonous
if absorbed through the skin.
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Chapter Assessment
Question 10
Is technology always beneficial? Give examples to
support your answer.
FL SC.H.3.4.2,SC.H.3.4.5
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Technological advances have benefited humans in
numerous ways but have also resulted in some
serious problems. For example, fertilizer that
boosts crop production can also pollute water.
Value judgments must be made as to how to utilize
technology while protecting the environment.
FL SC.H.3.4.2,SC.H.3.4.5
Chapter Assessment
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Photo Credits

• Corbis
• Dan Pitillio
• Digital Stock
• PhotoDisc
• Alton Biggs

Chapter Assessment
121
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