LEAD

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LEAD

• Pb

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WHAT IS LEAD?

• Lead is a heavy, comparatively soft, naturally
  occurring metal. It can be found in all parts
  of our environment. Sometimes found in its
  natural state but usually comes from human
  activities including burning fossil fuels, mining
  and manufacturing.

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SOURCES OF LEAD

• IN INDUSTRY
• Primary source From mined ores.
• Secondary Recycled scrap metal or batteries.

• IN HOMES
• Lead used in paint.
• Lead used in plumbing.

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HOW CAN A PERSON BE EXPOSED TO LEAD?

• Eating food or drinking water that contains lead.
• Swallowing or breathing chips or dust from
  lead-based paints.
• Working in a job where lead is used.
• Using health care products or folk remedies.

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EFFECTS OF LEAD ON THE BODY

• Lead is toxic to humans and people should avoid
  all exposure to it.
• Lead poisoning affects virtually every system in
  the body, and often occurs with no distinctive
  symptoms.
• Effects are the same whether it is breathed or
  swallowed.

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Systems Affected

• Central Nervous System the most
  sensitive.
• Kidneys
• Reproductive system

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CHILDRENS EFFECTS

• Blood anemia
• Muscle weakness
• Learning disabilities
• Seizures

• Severe stomachache
• Brain damage
• Behavioral Problems
• Death

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LONG TERM EFFECTS

• In adults the effects of lead seem to reverse
  after non-exposure.
• In children the effects of lead tend to do
  permanent damage.

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PROGRESS MADE IN REDUCING LEAD EXPOSURES IN THE
ENVIRONMENT
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TRANSPORTATION

• 1979 Cars released 94.6 million kilograms (kg
  1 kg equals 2.2 pounds) of lead into the air in
  the United States.
• 1989 When the use of lead was limited but not
  banned, cars released only 2.2 million kg to the
  air.
• 1996 Lead was banned for use in gasoline for
  transportation beginning January l, 1996.

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CANNED FOODS

• The potential for exposure to lead in canned
  food form lead soldered containers is greatly
  reduced because the content of lead in canned
  foods has decreased 87 from 1980 to 1988.

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CERAMIC WARE

• Since 1980, the FDA has had limits on lead and
  cadmium in ceramic ware products.
• The limits were lowered in 1991 to reduce
  consumer exposure to lead in food from ceramic
  dishes that may have lead glazes.

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LEAD PIPES SOLDER

• In 1986 the EPA banned the further use of lead
  pipes and solder in residential plumbing.

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ITEMS WHERE LEAD LEVELS HAVE REMAINED CONSTANT
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ITEMS WHERE LEAD LEVELS HAVE REMAINED CONSTANT

• Bullets
• Medical equipment
• Scientific equipment
• Military equipment

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TIME LINE REGARDING LEVELS OF LEAD IN PAINT

• 1955 Before 1955, much white house
  paint contained up to 50 lead.
• 1971 The amount of lead in paint was
  lowered by federal law to 1
• 1977 The amount of lead in paint was
  further reduced to 0.06

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• In 1978, there were nearly three to four million
  children with elevated blood lead levels in the
  United States.
• By 2002, the number had dropped to 310,000 kids
  and it continues to decline.

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LEAD PAINT LAWS

• Laws regarding lead poisoning prevention and
  control is governed by 105 CMR Department of
  Public Health
• These laws consist of 52 pages, starting with
  section 460.010 and ends at section 460.900.

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SCREENING OF CHILDREN FOR LEAD POISONING

• Regulation section 460.050 mandates that health
  care providers screen children once between the
  ages of 9 months 12 months and again at ages
  two and three.
• Children who live in one of the cities and towns
  at high risk for lead poisoning shall be screened
  at age 4.
• Children shall be screened more than once a year
  if they are living in a pre-1978 home or if they
  have siblings or playmates who are lead poisoned.

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WHAT DOES THE LEAD LAW REQUIRE?

• The Lead Law requires the removal or covering of
  lead paint hazards in homes built before 1978
  where any children under six live.

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WHO CAN REMOVE OR COVER LEAD HAZARDS?

• Some work must be done by a licensed
  deleader. However, an owner or agent can perform
  some specific tasks.
• An owner or agent cannot begin any of those
  tasks until
• The home is inspected by a licensed lead
  inspector.
• The owner or agent is properly trained to perform
  deleading work.

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CAN A RENTAL PROPERTY OWNER BE HELD LIABLE FOR A
LEAD POISONED CHILD?
YES! If a child is lead poisoned by lead hazards
where the child lives, the owner is legally
responsible.
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CAN AN OWNER EVICT OR REFUSE TO RENT TO A FAMILY
WITH CHILDREN UNDER SIX IF THERE IS LEAD PAINT IN
THE HOME?

• NO! An owner cannot evict or refuse to rent to
  anyone because of lead paint.

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CHANGES IN THE LAW STARTING 9/14/00.

• The 5ft. Limitation no longer applies. All lead
  paint has to be removed from the ground to the
  peak of the roof.
• If any defection paint is found during a Section
  8 inspection, the law prohibits the owner of the
  unit from doing any repairs themselves.
• Also under the Section 8 regulations, pregnant
  women are also included from inhabiting housing
  with lead paint.

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Nutritional Safeguards

• Consume adequate amounts of bioavailable calcium
  and iron.
• Consume at least two servings daily of foods high
  in vitamin C, such as fruits, vegetables, and
  juices.
• Eat in areas that pose a low risk for lead
  exposure for example at a table rather than on
  the floor.

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• Do not store liquids in lead crystal glasses or
  bottles.
• Do not drink from lead crystal on a daily basis,
  especially if you are pregnant.
• Do not feed an infant or child from a lead
  crystal baby bottle or cup.
• Do not store food in any dishes that may contain
  lead.
• Do not store food in antiques or collectibles.

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• Be wary of using or storing food or beverages in
  highly decorated or metallic-coated tableware,
  particularly items mad in other countries or by
  amateurs and hobbyists.
• Pregnant woman should limit their use of
  lead-glazed mugs or cups for hot beverages, since
  lead is harmful to fetuses.

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REFERENCES

• Random House Websters College Dictionary,
  Copywright 2000 by Random House Inc.
• Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
  www.mass.gov/dph/clppp/llaw
• Federal Lead Paint Laws www.longviewha.org/lead-
  bas
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
  www.epa.gov/lead/index
• Lead Poisoning Facts Sources of Pb Exposure
  www.haz-map.com/leadfact

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REFERENCES CONTINUED

• CDCs Lead Poisoning Prevention Program
  www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/factsheets/leadfcts
• Center for Disease Control and Prevention
  www.cdc.gov/lead/basics
• Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young
  Children, Medical Assessment and Interventions
  prepared by James R. Roberts, MD.MPH, and J.
  Routt Reigart, MD