World History to 1500 AD: SOL Review

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World History to 1500 ADSOL Review

• People, Places, and Terms to know for the WHI SOL
  Test

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What am I?

• I emerged in Africa between 100,000 and 400,000
  years ago.
• I migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and
  then the Americas.
• My name literally means thinking man because of
  my highly evolved 1500cc brain.

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I am

• Homo Sapiens-sapiens

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What is it?

• This lifestyle was how humans existed until the
  development of agriculture.
• This lifestyle depended largely on the
  availability of wild plants and animals.

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It is

• A Hunter-Gatherer Society

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Who am I?

• I study past early human life and its changes.
• I study past cultures by locating and analyzing
  human remains, fossils, and artifacts.
• I use such tests as carbon dating to analyze
  fossils and artifacts.

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I am

• An Archaeologist

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What am I?

• I am an archaeological site in England.
• I am an example of architecture that was begun
  during the New Stone Age and finished during the
  Bronze Age.

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I am

• Stonehenge

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What am I?

• I originated during the New Stone Age.
• I am often times called the Neolithic
  Revolution.
• I led to the first permanent settlements.

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I am

• Agriculture

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What are we

• We provided rich soil (silt) in which the
  earliest farmers first planted crops.
• We provided protection from invasion by nomadic
  peoples.
• We are often times referred to as Cradles of
  Civilization.

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We are

• The First 4 River Valley Civilizations

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What am I

• I became popular because early agricultural
  peoples worshipped forces of nature, such as the
  sun, the rain, etc.
• I was the reason people created temples to
  multiple gods, gave sacrifices and offerings, and
  persecuted people who believed differently.
• I was a common characteristic of MOST every early
  religion.
• I literally mean worship of many gods.

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I am

• Polytheism

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What is it

• It is a characteristic of MOST early governments.
• It is the reason many early leaders were
  worshipped as gods themselves.
• It is a system where the leaders of the
  government are also the leaders of the religion.

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It is

• Theocracy

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Where am I

• I am the earliest of all permanent civilizations.
• I am in the modern day country of Iraq.
• My name means middle of two rivers.

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I am

• Mesopotamia

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What is it

• It is an area located on the Tigris and Euphrates
  floodplain.
• It spread from the Persian Gulf to the
  Mediterranean Sea.
• It is in the shape of an upside down moon, and I
  am one of the few good places to farm in the
  Middle East.

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It is

• The Fertile Crescent

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What is it?

• It is the first river valley civilization in
  Africa.
• It is the civilization that rose around the Nile
  River floodplain.
• It has been called The Gift of the Nile.

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It is

• Egypt

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Where is it?

• It is located on a sub-continent in South Asia.
• It is actually found in modern Day Pakistan as
  well as in India.
• It rose around the Indus River.

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It is

• India

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Where is it?

• It is the river valley that rose in far east
  Asia.
• It became the oldest continuous society in the
  world.
• It rose along the banks of the Huang He River.

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It is

• China

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Who are we?

• We settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the
  Jordan River Valley in the Middle East.
• We followed our leader, the prophet Abraham.
• We were the first monotheists (people who only
  believe in one God).

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We are

• The Hebrews (Jews)

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Who were we?

• We were an ancient kingdom in Africa, located on
  the Nile River.
• We were contemporaries of the Egyptians, and
  shared several cultural similarities.
• We were also called Nubians.

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We are

• The Kingdom of Kush
• (a.k.a. Nubia)

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What is it

• It was one of the first written law codes.
• It was the first written moral and religious law.
• It was given to the Jews, by Moses, from Yahweh
  (God).

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It is

• The 10 Commandments

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What is it

• It was one of the oldest known written law codes.
• It is best summed up by the phrase an eye for an
  eye.
• It was written on a big black rock and placed in
  the center of town, for all to read and know, by
  the leader Hammurabi.

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It is

• The Code of Hammurabi

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What is it

• It is one of the earliest social patterns known
  to man, and immerged from a rigid social system.
• It was based on warfare and debt.
• In ancient times, it was NOT based on race, as in
  modern times.

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It is

• Slavery

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What is it

• It is one of the oldest social patterns known to
  man.
• It was the most common form of leadership
  succession in the ancient world, including Egypt,
  Mesopotamia, India, and China.
• It is power that is passed from father to son.

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It is

• A Dynasty

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What is it

• It was made possible by a surplus of food,
  brought about by a need for goods to trade.
• It was increased by trade on rivers and seas.
• It was the economic idea underlying the barter
  system.

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It is

• Specialization of Labor
• - doing one thing for a living, such as making
  hammers, and then bartering (trading them) for
  other goods that you need (like chickens).

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Who am I

• I am a prophet for Judaism, Christianity, and
  Islam.
• I made a covenant with Yahweh, to worship only
  Him, and in exchange, my people would receive
  land along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea,
  and we would become a great nation.
• I am the founder of Judaism.

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I am

• Abraham

45
Who am I

• I am a prophet of Judaism, Christianity, and
  Islam.
• I led the Jews out of exile in Egypt in the
  Biblical Book of Exodus.
• I was the one who went up on Mount Sinai and came
  down with the 10 Commandments.

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I am

• Moses

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What is it

• It is the period during which the Torah was
  written.
• It was ended by King Cyrus of Persia when he
  conquered The Jewish Kingdom
• It is the scattering of the Jews into slavery
  by the Neo-Babylonians (a.k.a. The Chaldeans).

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It is

• The Jewish Diaspora

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What is it

• To be considered an adult in Judaism, you must
  memorize and recite it, word for word.
• It makes up the first half of the Christian
  Bible.
• It is the written records and beliefs of the
  Hebrew people.

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It is

• The Torah

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What am I

• It was different from most other religious
  practices at the time, which often made people
  persecute those who practiced me.
• It was first practiced by the Hebrews.
• It literally means belief in one God.

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I am

• monotheism

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What are they

• They were the earliest forms of writing, often
  times used to keep agricultural records.
• They eventually evolved into phonograms (symbols
  that represent sounds)
• They are pictures that represent ideas.

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They are

• Pictograms

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What is it

• It evolved from pictograms into the first
  phonograms.
• It was the first written language in the
  Mesopotamian kingdom of Sumer.
• It was written on clay tablets with a stick
  called a stylus.

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It is

• Cuneiform

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What was it

• It was the 1st Empire of Mesopotamia.
• It was the Empire that gave the world the 1st
  writing, the plow, the first walled cities, and
  many other innovations.
• It was the empire that gave the world the Epic of
  Gilgamesh.

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It is

• Sumer (Sumaria)

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What is it

• It is a Sumerian form of architecture.
• It is a stepped pyramid, that was used for prayer
  and sacrifice to the gods.
• Every Sumerian town had one, and they were
  dedicated to the chief god of that particular
  city.

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They are

• ziggurats

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What is it

• It was the 2nd great empire of ancient
  Mesopotamia. They conquered the Sumerians.
• They were the kingdom that gave the world the
  Code of Hammurabi, the worlds first written law
  code.

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It is

• Babylon

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What is it

• It was a Mesopotamian empire known for its
  cruelty and militarism in ruling its people.
• It was the empire of the great leader
  Ashurbanipal, who often bragged of his torture of
  peoples whom he conquered.
• It was the home of one of the greatest libraries
  in ancient times, housed at its capital of
  Nineveh.

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It is

• The Assyrian Empire

Library and palace at Nineveh
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Who were they

• They were the Mesopotamian empire that revived
  the capital of Babylon, thus giving them the name
  neo-Babylonians.
• They were the empire of Nebuchadnezzar, the king
  who built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the
  Tower of Babel.
• They were the empire that enslaved the Jews and
  scattered them in what came to be known as the
  Jewish Diaspora.

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They were

• The Chaldeans (a.k.a. The
  neo-Babylonians)

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What is it

• It is an empire that arose from the Plateau of
  Iran.
• It was a powerful empire, however it ruled using
  tolerance of local leaders, customs and
  religions.
• It functioned by using a huge bureaucracy to
  administer its lands.
• It was the empire that helped commerce and
  warfare by building a Royal Road.

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It is

• The Persian Empire

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What is it

• It evolved from pictograms into the early
  phonograms.
• It was the first written language in the African
  kingdom of Egypt.
• It was written on a reed called papyrus.

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I am

• Hieroglyphics

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What is it

• It was discovered by an expedition sent to Egypt
  by Napoleon Bonaparte.
• It had three types of writing on me
  hieroglyphics, demotic, and Greek.
• It was used by Champollion to translate
  hieroglyphics, and unlock the secrets and history
  of Egypt.

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It is

• The Rosetta Stone

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Who am I

• I am worshipped as the God Horace while I am
  alive, and the God Osirus in death.
• My title literally means Great house of the
  King.
• I am the dynastic leader of Egypt, who was
  mummified and placed in a pyramid.

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I am

• A Pharaoh

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Who am I

• I was a the powerful Pharaoh that began the Old
  Kingdom (a.k.a. The Age of Pyramids).
• I united upper and lower Egypt into one Empire.
• I am also known as Menes.

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I am

• Narmer (a.k.a. Menes)

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Who am I

• I was a Pharaoh during the Age of Empire (a.k.a.
  The New Kingdom) in Egypt.
• I increased Egypts prestige and power in the
  Mediterranean Basin by expanding trade.
• I was a woman, yet dressed using the traditional
  male outfit of the pharaoh, including the beard.

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I am

• Hatshepsut

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Who am I

• I was a powerful Pharaoh of Egypt.
• I was the Pharaoh who was believed to have
  confronted Moses in the Biblical book of Exodus.

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I am

• Ramses II

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What is it

• It was created by the Phoenicians.
• It was the first writing system to be based
  entirely on phonograms (symbols that represent
  specific sounds).
• You still use a version of it every time you
  write a letter.

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It is

• The first alphabet

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Who are we

• We came through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush
  Mountains.
• We invaded classical India, bringing with us our
  books of law and a rigid ideas about society.

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We are

• Indo-Aryans

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What is it

• It was brought to India by the Indo-Aryans who
  came through the Khyber Pass in the Hindu Kush
  Mountains.
• It was a rigid social order, where your place in
  society was determined by the job your father
  did.
• It was rejected by Buddhists.
• It was a system from which you had to work your
  way up, and out, through a series of death and
  re-birth.

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It is

• The Caste System

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What is it?

• It is a concept central to Hinduism and Buddhism.
• It incorporates the idea of KARMA- that your next
  life will be determined by your actions in this
  life.
• It is a belief in a cycle of death and rebirth.

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It is

• Reincarnation

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Who am I

• I was born in a part of India that is in
  present-day Nepal. I left my home to seek
  enlightenment.
• I taught about the 4 Noble Truths and the
  Eightfold Path to Enlightenment.
• I am the founder of Buddhism.

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I am

• Siddhartha Gautama (a.k.a. The Buddha)

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What is it

• It is the language of the Aryans.
• It is the language of the Vedas.
• It is the language associated with ancient India.

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It is

• Sanskrit

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What are they

• They are one of the two key ideas of Siddhartha
  Gautama (The Buddha).
• They state that desire binds us to our cycle of
  reincarnation.
• They point us to the things we must do in order
  to release ourselves from reincarnation.

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They are
The Four Noble Truths of Buddhism
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What are they

• They are one of the two key ideas of Siddhartha
  Gautama (The Buddha).
• They specifically state the things a Buddhist
  must do and have in order to end the cycle of
  reincarnation.
• They represent the 8 things one to become a
  Buddha.

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The Eightfold Path to Enlightenment
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Who am I

• I was a Prince in the Mauryan Dynasty of India.
• I was a great warrior who renounced violence, and
  became a man of peace.
• I spread the teachings of Buddhism to China, and
  the rest of Asia, by sending out missionaries.

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I am

• Asoka

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What is it

• It was a period in India that lasted from 320-550
  AD.
• It is a period is characterized by tremendous
  accomplishments in the areas of government,
  drama, poetry, art and philosophy.
• It is referred to as the Golden Age of India.

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It is

• The Gupta Dynasty

102
What am I

• I was built by Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi.
• I spread hundreds of miles across Northern China.
• I was built to keep out invaders from the North
  (Mongols).

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I am

• The Great Wall of China

104
Who am I

• Civil service tests were developed in China based
  on my teachings.
• My teachings include a belief that humans are
  good, people should respect their elders, a code
  of politeness, and an emphasis on education.
• My Chinese name is Kung Fu Tze.

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I am Confucius
The 5 Basic Relationships 1. ruler to subject
2. father to son 3. husband to wife 4.
brother to brother 5. friend to friend
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What is it

• It is the trade route that facilitated trade from
  China to as far away as Rome.
• Paper, porcelain (china), and silk were the main
  products that were traded on it.
• Buddhism was spread along it from India to China
  by missionaries.

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It is

• The Silk Road

108
What is it

• It is a philosophy created by Lao Tzu (a.k.a.
  Laozi).
• It emphasize a simple life, and being in harmony
  with nature.
• It literally mean the Way.

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It is

• Taoism (a.k.a. Daoism)

Lao Tzu (a.k.a. Laozi)
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What is it

• It was the idea that drove the dynastic cycle in
  China.
• It was the idea that if the Dynasty (ruling
  family) in China lost the favor of Elders in
  Heaven, that their rule would come to an end.
• It was believed to end the rule of a corrupt
  Chinese Dynasty with natural disasters and
  rebellion by the people.

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It is

• The Mandate of Heaven

112
What is it

• It is both a symbol of Buddhism, and a symbol of
  Taoism.
• It represents balance and opposites in the world
  for both Buddhism and Taoism.

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It is

• The Yin and the Yang (Yin/ Yang)

114
Who am I

• I was a famous Greek who wrote about the Trojan
  Wars.
• I wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey.
• I was a blind poet.

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I am

• Homer

116
What is it

• It is a polytheistic (worshipping many gods)
  religion.
• It was used to explain nature and natural
  phenomena, as well as human qualities and life
  events.
• It is still used often in western literature,
  art, and architecture.

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It is

• Greek Mythology

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Gods Goddesses
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What is it

• It was a Greek city-state.
• It was located on the part of the Greek peninsula
  known as Attica.
• It favored learning, art, and science over
  warfare and conquest.
• It was the birthplace of democracy.

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It is

• Athens

121
What is it

• It was a Greek city-state, located on the part of
  Greece called Peloponnesus.
• It was ruled by an oligarchy (rule by small
  group), and had a rigid social structure.
• It was militaristic and aggressive- favoring
  combat and simplicity to learning and art.

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It is

• Sparta

123
What is it

• It was a series of wars fought between 499 and
  449 B.C.
• It left the Greeks in control of the Aegean
  basin.
• It was the only time Athens and Sparta ever
  united together in combat.

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It is

• The Persian Wars

125
What was it

• It was a battle during the Persian Wars during
  which the Athenians defeated the Persians.
• It was a battle that saw the 1st invasion by the
  Persian King Darius turned away on the shore of
  Greece.
• It was the namesake for a very famous sporting
  event.

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It was

• The Battle of Marathon

127
What was it

• It was a famous battle fought during the Persian
  Wars.
• It took place in Northern Greece, at the
  Hellespont (where Greece touches Asia).
• It was where 300 Spartan soldiers fought
  thousands of Persian soldiers in a narrow valley
  pass, in order to slow their advance into Greece.
  Every Spartan soldier was eventually killed.

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It was

• The Battle of Thermopylae

129
What was it

• It was the battle during the Persian Wars where
  the Persian King Xerxes was forced to watch as
  his forces were defeated.
• It was a naval battle, during which large Persian
  ships were drawn into a narrow strait where they
  could not maneuver, then destroyed by the
  smaller, faster, Greek ships.
• It was the last time Persia would try to invade
  and conquer the Greeks.

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It was

• The Battle of Salamis

131
What was it

• It is often referred to as the Periclean Age.
• It occurred during the peaceful period between
  the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars.
• It was a period that occurred in Greece during
  which Greek culture arose to become one of the
  foundations of Western Civilization. the period
  is characterized by tremendous accomplishments in
  the areas of government, drama, poetry, art and
  philosophy.

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It was

• The Golden Age of Greece.

133
What is it

• It is one of the most recognized buildings in the
  entire world to this day.
• It stands on the Acropolis of Athens.
• It is a temple dedicated to Athena.

134
It is

• The Parthenon

135
Who am I

• I ruled Athens during its Golden Age (between the
  Persian and Peloponnesian Wars).
• I rebuilt Athens after the destruction of the
  Persian Wars, including the Parthenon.
• I formed a military alliance (called the Delian
  League) with other Greek city-states that became
  a powerful Athenian Empire, that threatened the
  Spartans so much that they formed their own
  alliance (The Peloponnesian League).

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I am

• Pericles

137
Who am I

• I lived from 484 to 425 BC, and I wrote the
  history of the Persian Wars.
• I often times included intervention by the gods
  in my writings.
• I am considered by many to be the father of the
  study of history.

138
I am

• Herodotus

139
Who am I

• I was one of the earliest historians.
• I wrote an account of the Peloponnesian War.
• I differed from my predecessors in that I did not
  include intervention from the gods in my
  historical accounts.

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I am

• Thucydides

141
Who am I

• I was among the first men to observe and record
  data about sickness and treatment.
• Doctors to this day still take an oath bearing my
  name before they are allowed to practice
  medicine.
• I am considered by many to be the father of
  modern medicine.

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I am

• Hippocrates

143
Who am I

• I was a famous Greek playwright.
• I wrote Oedipus and Antigone, among other works.
• Like Aeschylus and Euripides, I wrote tragedies.

144
I am

• Sophocles

145
Who am I

• Although I never wrote anything myself, I am
  considered to be one of the greatest philosophers
  of all time some would even call me the father
  of philosophy.
• I challenged people to question authority and to
  know themselves.
• I was eventually executed for corrupting youth
  with my teachings

146
I am

• Socrates

147
Who am I

• I founded the Academy in Athens, an institution
  devoted to research and instruction in philosophy
  and the sciences.
• I wrote a book called The Republic, about
  government and leadership.
• I was the man who recorded the teachings of
  Socrates.

148
I am

• Plato

149
Who am I

• I was a pupil of Plato.
• I wrote many works concerning art, philosophy,
  and politics. I founded a school called the
  Lyceum.
• I was the tutor of Alexander the Great.

150
I am

• Aristotle

151
Who am I

• I was put in charge of the artistic elements of
  the rebuilding of Athens under Pericles.
• I constructed the massive statues of Zeus at
  Olympia, and Athena in the Parthenon, neither of
  which stand today in their original form.
• I was the most famous sculptor of the Golden Age
  of Greece.

152
I am

• Phidias

153
What was it

• These were a series of wars fought from 431-404
  B.C.
• These wars were fought for control of the Greek
  world between the Athens and the Delian League
  and Sparta and the Peloponnesian League.
• These wars resulted in the slowing of cultural
  advances and politics in Greece, so much so that
  they were eventually conquered by neighboring
  Macedonia.

154
It was

• The Peloponnesian Wars

155
What is it

• It is a small country that sits to the north of
  Greece.
• It easily conquered Greece because the
  Peloponnesian Wars weakened them greatly.
• It was ruled by Phillip II.

156
It is

• Macedonia

Philip II
157
Who am I

• I established an empire that extended from Greece
  down to Egypt, and as far east as the Indus River
  Valley.
• Through trade and war, I blended elements of
  Greek culture (Hellenic culture) with elements of
  African and Eastern culture, to form Hellenistic
  culture.
• I conquered the entire known world by the age of
  33, and was never defeated in battle.

158
I am

• Alexander the Great