CHINA: DYNASTIES

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CHINA DYNASTIES
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Geography

• Regions
• Heartland
• Northeast
• Mongolia
• Xinjiang
• Xizang/Tibet

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Geography

• Rivers
• Huang He (Yellow)
• Yangtze (Chang)
• Xi Jiang (West, Pearl)

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Geography

• Effects
• Limited contact mountains and deserts
• Scattered population in western China
  mountains plateaus
• Most of population located on eastern coastline
  in plains river valleys, known as the
  heartland

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Early Dynasties

• Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC)
• Mandate of Heaven
• Dynastic cycle
• Feudalism
• Built roads and canals which stimulated trade and
  agriculture
• Coined money
• Confucius believed that if society were organized
  around five relationships order would be restored
• Lao Tzu founded Daoism

• Introduction
• Middle Kingdom
• Xia Dynasty (2000 BC)
• Legendary no evidence it existed
• Flood control and irrigation projects
• Farm surpluses
• Shang Dynasty (1532-1027 BC)
• Developed own form of writing
• Accurate calendar
• Bronze making, silk, chariots
• Family central to society
• Writing had no connection to language unified
  Chinese

Oracle bone
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Early Dynasties

• Introduction
• Middle Kingdom
• Xia Dynasty (2000 BC)
• Legendary no evidence it existed
• Flood control and irrigation projects
• Farm surpluses

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Early Dynasties

• Shang Dynasty (1532-1027 BC)
• Developed own form of writing
• Accurate calendar
• Bronze making, silk, chariots
• Family central to society
• Writing had no connection to language unified
  Chinese

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• Zhou Dynasty (1027-256 BC)
• Mandate of Heaven
• Dynastic cycle
• Feudalism
• Built roads and canals which stimulated trade and
  agriculture
• Coined money
• Confucius believed that if society were organized
  around five relationships order would be restored
• Lao Tzu founded Daoism

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Qin Dynasty

• (241-202 BC)
• Shi Huangdi
• Legalism, anti-Confucianism
• Built Great Wall
• Focused on internal opposition and centralization
• Expanded boundaries and defenses
• High taxes, repressive
• Increased trade
• Terra-Cotta Army

Terra-Cotta Army
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Han Dynasty

• (206 BC - 220 AD)
• Founder was Liu Bang
• Emperor Wudi
• Expanded across Asia Defeated Xiiongnu
• Bureaucracy, civil service
• Silk Road
• Golden Age
• Later Han Dynasty
• Wang Mang
• Inflation
• Granaries, land reform

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Tang Dynasty

• Period of Disunity (220-589 AD)
• Sui Dynasty (589-618 AD)
• Built Grand Canal
• Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD)
• Tang Taizong
• Reconquered lost lands strengthened central
  government
• Expanded roads and canals, trade agriculture
• Revived civil service
• Opened schools teaching Confucianism
• Lost control of vast empire

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Song Dynasty

• (960-1279 AD)
• Song Taizu
• Never regained lost lands
• Tried to buy peace by paying annual tributes
• Stable but not powerful
• Southern territory was economic heartland
• Military troubles but rapid economic growth and
  trade
• Social mobility because of civil service system
• Most populous country in world

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Mongols and Yuan Dynasty

• Mongols
• Nomadic people who lived on steppes of North
  Eurasia, or Mongolia
• Temujin or Genghis Khan
• Sought to unify different clans
• Led Mongols in conquest of much of Asia
• By 1221 controlled central Asia
• Ogadai
• Completed conquest on North China and Korea
• Largest unified land empire in history

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Mongols and Yuan Dynasty

• Kublai Khan
• Empire divided into Khanates
• Controlled Khanate of the Great Khan
• Conquered all of China
• Founded Yuan Dynasty (1279-1368 AD)
• First foreigner to rule China
• Marco Polo served the Great Khan
• Fall of Yuan Dynasty caused by military defeats,
  heavy spending, Chinese resentment of foreign
  rule

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Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD)

• Hongwu
• Commander of the rebel army that drove Mongols
  out of China
• Restored agricultural lands devastated by war
• Erased traces of Mongols
• Promoted power and prosperity
• Used respected traditions and institutions
• Encouraged Confucian moral standards, restoring
  civil service

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Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 AD)

• Yonglo
• Continued same policies
• Zheng He was an admiral who explored

• Isolationism
• Caused by xenophobia
• Expected Europeans to acknowledge Chinas
  superiority
• Idea of commerce went against Confucian beliefs,
  economic policies favored agriculture
• Only the government was allowed to conduct
  foreign trade

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Qing Dynasty (1644-1912 AD)

• Background
• Ruled by Manchus, or people
  of
  Manchuria who invaded China
• Expanded to Taiwan, Chinese Central Asia,
  Mongolia, and Tibet
• Chinese resented foreign rule
• Kangzi
• Reduced government expenses, lowered taxes
• Favored intellectuals and Jesuits
• Dowager Empress Cixi
• Supported the self-strengthening movement
• Generally resisted change and favored traditions

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Qing Dynasty (1644-1912 AD)

• Domestic Policy
• Healthy agricultural economy provided wealth
• Manufacturing, mining helped make them
  self-sufficient
• Better nutrition led to population growth
• Forbidden City
• Internal Problems
• Population eventually outgrew food production
• Huang He flooded
• Corrupt government
• Taiping Rebellion

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Qing Dynasty (1644-1912 AD)

• Trade
• Dutch accepted Chinese trade rules and became
  trading partners
• British didnt accept trade rules were not
  trading partners
• Foreigners could only do business at the southern
  port of Guangzhou
• Opium War
• Britain had smuggled opium into China against
  emperors wishes
• Britain won war imposed the Treaty of Nanjing
  in 1842
• Extraterritorial Rights

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• Spheres of Influence
• Foreign nations took advantage of Chinas
  internal weaknesses to enter the country
• Foreign nations controlled trade and investment
  in a certain region
• Open Door Policy
• Boxer Rebellion
• Poor peasants and workers resented privileges
  granted to foreigners
• Boxers besieged European section of Beijing
• Multinational force defeated them

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Republican Period (1912-1949)

• Sun Yat-Sen
• Led Revolutionary Alliance that overthrew
  the Qing Emperor
• First great leader of Kuomintang
• Three Principles of the People
• Attempted to unify China
• Before and During World War I
• Yuan Shikai ruled from 1913-1916
• Civil war and provincial warlords
• Participation in the war led the Chinese to
  feel betrayed by Europe

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Republican Period (1912-1949)

• Chinese Communist Party
• founded in 1921 by Mao Zedong
• Believed communism would bring political and
  economic change
• Sun Yat-Sen approved of Communism and Soviet Union

• Jiang Jieshi
• Took over Kuomintang when Sun Yat-Sen died
• Disagreed with Communists but worked with them
  against warlords

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Republican Period (1912-1949)

• In 1927 Nationalists attacked Communists,
  led by Mao Zedong
• Peasants supported Communism
• In 1933 Jiang defeated Communists again
• Long March
• In 1931 Japan invaded Manchuria
• In 1937 Japan invaded China
• Guerrilla warfare against Japan
• Communists strongest in northwest
• Nationalists strongest in southwest

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Peoples Republic of China

• Chinese Communist Party
• came to power in 1949 when peasants b/cm unhappy
  w/ Nationalist rule
• Mao Zedong
• Agrarian Reform Law 5-Year Plan
• 1953-1957, forced peasants to join collective
  farms
• Great Leap Forward created 26,000 collective
  farms by 1959, yet failed
• Industry agriculture improvements hindered b/c
  of lack of modern technology and Maos faulty
  policies

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Peoples Republic of China

• establish a society of peasants workers who
  were all equal
• intelligence considered useless dangerous
• Red Guard (militia of students) used to enforce
  ideas of CR

Zhou Enlai moderate Communist took China out of a
period of isolation
Red Guard members
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Republic of China (Taiwan)

• Republic of China began on mainland China in 1912
  by the Nationalist Party of China
• Nationalists forced to flee to Taiwan in 1949
  when their govt was overthrown by the Communist
  Party of China

Taiwanese flag
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Republic of China (Taiwan)

• Had support of US because it opposed Peoples
  Republic of China
• Admitted into United Nations to represent China
  instead of Peoples Republic of China

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Deng and Jiang in China

• Deng Xiaoping
• Emerged in 1980 as most powerful leader in China
• Introduced program of Four Modernizations
• progress and agriculture
• industry
• science and technology
• defense
• Died in 1997

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Deng and Jiang in China

• Tiananmen Square
• 100,000 students occupied the square calling for
  Dengs resignation
• Deng declared martial law, sent in troops,
  arrested 10,000 people, massacre occurred

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Deng and Jiang in China

• Jiang Zemin
• Hong Kong
• British colony, thriving business center
• Great Britain handed Hong Kong to China

A man stands defenseless in front of a column of
tanks, preventing them from entering the square
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Modern day China
One child policy China vs. Tibet Obstacles to
Reform Communist Partys corruption Inefficient
industry Growing unemployment Inefficient
scientific and technological manpower base High
population pollution

• Government Type communist
• Current President Hu Jintao
• Capital Beijing
• Economic Status command with hints of
  capitalism
• Population 1,306,313,812 (July 2005 est.)