You are what you eat

1

• You are what you eat
• An apple a day keeps the doctor away

Be familiar with the major groupings of
phytochemicals http//lpi.oregonstate.edu/infoce
nter/phytochemicals.html
2
More than Nutrition?

• Diet rich in fruits and vegetables decreases risk
  for incidence of 4 of top ten killers
• cardiovascular disease
• cancers
• strokes
• diabetes

3
What is in Fruit?

• Water
• Nutrients
• vitamins, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, amino
  acids, minerals
• Fiber
• Phytochemicals

USDA Fruit Prints
4

• Phytochemical/phytonutrient
• bioactive
• health benefit
• not essential nutrients
• plant color, flavor, aroma and defense
• Nutraceutical
• medicinal effect
• functional food eat to prevent disease
• superfood

5
Are all Phytochemicals Good?

• Plant Toxins
• Naturally occuring, found at low levels in many
  foods we eat
• Concentration determines toxicity
• High concentration- irritation, inflammation,
  inhibit nutrient uptake
• Cyanogenic nucleosides
• Cyanide poisoning in animals
• Leaves of elderberry, saskatoon berry,
  chokecherry
• Stone fruits - seeds

6
Plant Toxins

• Glucosinolates radish, cabbage, onion
• Glycoalkaloids potato, tomato
• Gossypol cotton seed
• Lectins cereals, soybeans, potato
• Oxalate spinach, rhubarb, tomato
• Phenols fruits, vegetables, coffee, tea pinach,
  
• Coumarins celery, parsley, figs,

7
Beneficial Activity of Phytochemicals

• Antioxidants
• Hormonal activity - phytoestrogens
• Enzyme stimulation or inhibition
• Antibacterial
• Antiviral
• Anticarcinogenic
• Inhibit DNA replication
• Anti-inflammatory
• Medicinals

8
Medicinals

• Used for pharmacological purpose digitalis,
  coumarin
• 2800 BC The Great Native Herbal -Shen Nong
• Herbal medicine of Egypt and India Hippocrates
  (460-377 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC)
• First century AD - De Materia Medica Dioscorides

9
Anticarcinogens

• Blocking Agents
• Block the activation of carcinogens
• Induce enzyme detoxification
• Trap carcinogens
• Suppressing Agents
• Aid in DNA repair
• Inhibit enzymes for tumor growth

10
Antioxidants

• Inhibit oxidative damage from free radicals
• Free radical- reactive molecule with unpaired
  electron, ROS, RNS
• Oxidative radical absorbance capacity, ORAC
  3000-3500 ORAC units
• http//www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/1235450
  0/Data/ORAC/ORAC07.pdf

11
Chemical classificationhttp//lpi.oregonstate.edu
/infocenter/phytochemicals.html

• Sulfur or Nitrogen Containing Compounds
• Allium Compounds
• Alliin, Allicin, Ajoene, Diallyl Sulfide, Diallyl
  Disulfide
• Glucosinolates and their derivatives
• Glucosinolates, Thiocyanate, Isothiocyanate,
  Nitrile

12
Chemical Classification

• Sulfur or Nitrogen Free Compounds
• Phenolic Compounds
• Phenols, Phenolic Acids, Flavonoids, Tannins
• anti-allergic, anti-cancer, antioxidant,
  anti-inflammatory and anti-viral
• Non-phenolic Compounds
• Sapponins, Phytates, Carotenoids

13
Classification of Beneficial Phytochemicals- NS

• Alkaloids N
• Stimulants, diuretics
• Caffiene
• Theobromine
• Theophylline
• Organosulfides S
• Antioxidants, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic

Caffiene
14
Non-Phenolic compounds antioxidants

• Carotenoids
• Lycopene
• Xanthophylls
• Astaxanthin- red carotenoid-algae
• Beta-Cryptoxanthin
• Organosulfides
• Glutathione
• Phytic Acid

15
Phenolic Compounds - Antioxidants

• Anthocyanins
• Flavanoids
• Epicatechin cocoa, grapes
• Hesperidin- citrus
• Keampferol- gooseberries
• Proanthocyanidins grapes, cocoa etc
• Quercitin berries, onions
• Isoflavones Genisten
• Resveratrol peanuts, grapes
• Rutin - citrus, tea
• Hydroxycinnamic Acids
• Ferulic acid

16
Anticancer, Lower Cholesterol, Antinflammatory,
Blood pressure regulation

• Flavanoids
• Tangeretin, Naringin, Nobiletin, Rutin,
  Tangeritin citrus
• Hydroxycinnaminic acids
• Monoterpenes
• Isoflavones
• Organosulfides
• Saponins
• Phenolic Acids
• Beta-sitosterol
• Triterpenoids
• Carotenoids

17
Antiviral, Antifungal

• Gallic acid
• Tannic acid

18
Why not just take a pill?

• Over 4000 phytochemicals have been identified.
• Many act in coordination
• Fruit is prettier and tastes better

19
Tuesday Feb. 12, 2007

• Bring to class one lay press article and one
  refereed journal article on phytochemical in a
  native fruit

20

Fruit of the Month Fact Sheet CDC
Website http//www.fruitsandveggiesmatter.gov/mon
th/index.html

• If you want to be a step ahead look at the number
  on the back of your card as that is the crop that
  you will be working on for the fact sheet
• 1 juneberry 5 buffalo berry
• 2 chokecherry 6 elderberry
• 3 sand cherry 7 aronia
• 4 gooseberry 8 wild plum

21
Flavonoids

• Flavones
• Flavanones
• Flavonols
• Flavanonols
• Flavans
• Flavanols
• Isoflavones
• Lignans
• Anthocyanidins