Map Finder

1
Map Finder

• Presented by
• Matt Logering, Micheal Edgar, Brad Nelson, Brooks
  West

2
Duluth

Bismarck

Minneapolis
St. Paul


Pierre

Madison

Lansing

Milwaukee

Detroit

Chicago
Cleveland

Des Moines

Omaha

Springfield

Lincoln
Columbus



Indianapolis
Kansas City

Topeka
Jefferson City

St. Louis
3
55805

58506

55413
55101


53704
57501


48909

53202

48208

60606
44111


50313

68046

62703


68508
43085

46202

64117
66609

65108
63101
4
What is a GIS?

• Geographic information system (GIS) technology
• Uses
• Scientific Investigations
• Resource Management
• Development Planning
• Examples
• A GIS might allow emergency planners to easily
  calculate emergency response times in the event
  of a natural disaster.
• A GIS might be used to find wetlands that need
  protection from pollution.

5
How does a GIS work?

• Relates different information in a spatial
  context
• Allows for a conclusion about this relationship
• Most information in the world contains a location
  reference
• Place that information at some point on the globe
• Example
• Rainfall information
• Using a location reference system
• Comparing the rainfall information with other
  information
• The Results may indicate that these marshes are
  likely to dry up
• Help us make the most appropriate decisions about
  how humans should interact with the marsh
• A GIS can reveal important new information that
  leads to better decision making

6
Applications for GIS
Many computer databases used in a GIS are being
produced by Federal, State, tribal, and local
governments, private companies, academia, and
nonprofit organizations

• Agriculture
• Business
• Geology
• Land Information System
• Natural hazard management
• Urban Planning
• Archaeology

• Health
• Environment
• Military
• Natural Resource Management
• Utility
• Corporate Case Studies

7
Data Capture
How can a GIS use the information in a map?

• How do we get the data to be used into a digital
  form?
• Maps can be digitized by hand-tracing with a
  computer mouse on the screen or digitizing tablet
  to collect the coordinates of features
• Electronic scanners can also convert maps to
  digits Coordinates from Global Positioning System
  (GPS) receivers can also be uploaded into a GIS

8
Example
GIS is about modeling and mapping the world for
better decision making.
Source www.gis.com
9
Spatial Databases

• What is it?
• -acts as a collection of actual geographic
  information transformed into storable data
• -Data can be understood as a single point (city),
  line (river), polygon (city area)
• -Spatial objects can contain any mixtures of
  these

10
Two Main Spatial Database Model

• Raster
• Vector

11
Raster-based Model

• Uses geographic data by placing it into a grid
  using a cell matrix
• Each cell is defined by a number which is then
  displayed in a different format
• ex color
• No coordinates stored for geographic location
• Each cell is the minimum unit for a specific
  geographic location and has discrete data
  assigned to it
• Two-dimensional Data
• Uses forest cover, land use, soil topography,
  and other data showing differing layers
• Data resolution depends on grid size

12
Advantages of Raster-

• Less Processing
• Simple data structure

13
Disadvantages of Raster-

• Consumes more hard-drive space
• Resolution, based on grid small grid size
• Harder to show topological relationships

14
Example Contd
Source http//www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/n
otes/datacon/datacon_f.html
15
Digital Terrain Model

• Computer graphics software technique that
• Transforms elevation points into a terrain model
• Puts the terrain model into a contour map
• Contour map connects lines of equal elevations

16
Vector-based System

• Uses (x,y) coordinates of the geographic location
  for data
• Data then linked together through a line segment
  between itself and another data point
• Data type could range from point to polygon based
  on its use

17
Advantages of Vector-

• Very High Resolution (better than Raster)
• Graphical presentation similar to hand-drawn map
• Less hard-drive space required

18
Disadvantages of Vector

• Requires difficult data structures
• Usually more expensive hardware and software
• Multiple vector models very time consuming

19
Example Contd
Source http//www.colorado.edu/geography/gcraft/n
otes/datacon/datacon_f.html
20
Example of Vector Data

• TIGER -Topologically Integrated Geographic
  Encoding and Referencing system
• name for the system and digital database
  developed at the U.S. Census Bureau to support
  its mapping needs for the Decennial Census and
  other Bureau programs.
• Provides an accurate description for the
  geographic structure of the U.S. and its
  territories.
• Database includes location and relationship of
  streets, rivers and other geographic entities
  that are accounted for by the censuses and
  periodic surveys
• Created to ensure no replica features or areas
  exist
• Structure of Database variety of coding
  techniques such as
• 1) Automated map scanning
• 2) Manual map digitizing
• 3) Standard data keying
• 4) intellectual computer file
  matching

Census Bureau Goal Allow computerized access to
and retrieval of fitting geographic information
about the U.S.
21
Vector- and Raster-

• Data can be represented by both vector- and
  raster-
• Can be easily converted between each other

22
The Future of GIS

• Environmental studies, geography, geology,
  planning, business marketing, and other
  disciplines have benefited from GIS tools and
  methods
• Together with cartography, remote sensing, global
  positioning systems, photogrammetry, and
  geography, the GIS has evolved into a discipline
  with its own research base known as geographic
  information sciences
• An active GIS market has resulted in lower costs
  and continual improvements in GIS hardware,
  software, and data

23
GIS Code of Ethics
I.       Obligations to Society II.      Obligatio
ns to Employers and Funders III.     Obligations
to Colleagues and the Profession IV.     Obligati
ons to Individuals in Society
24
Obligation to Society

• The GIS professional recognizes the impact of
  his or her work on society as a whole, on
  subgroups of society including geographic or
  demographic minorities, on future generations,
  and inclusive of social, economic, environmental,
  or technical fields of endeavor.  Obligations to
  society shall be paramount when there is conflict
  with other obligations. 

25
Obligations to Employers and Funders

• The GIS professional recognizes that he or she
  has been hired to deliver needed products and
  services.  The employer (or funder) expects
  quality work and professional conduct. 

26
Obligations to Colleagues and the Profession

• The GIS professional recognizes the value of
  being part of a community of other
  professionals.  Together, we support each other
  and add to the stature of the field. 

27
Obligations to Individuals in Society

• The GIS professional recognizes the impact of
  his or her work on individual people and will
  strive to avoid harm to them. 

28
Ethical?-Law Enforcement-City
PlanningUnethical?-Privacy -Business vs.
Public Advantage-Cyberstalking
29
Cyber stalking

• Geospatial information is a key component of the
  cyberstalker's bag of tools, permitting
  identification of individuals and ability to map
  their locations and activities using often freely
  available resources such as online street maps
  and event announcements with accompanying lists
  of participants, home and work addresses
• -excerpt from Richard Longhorns article
  Identifying ethical and unethical practices in
  GIS. _at_gisdevelopment.net

30
UNESCOUnited Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

• Who?
• What?
• Why?

31
Reference

• Buckley, David. The GIS Primer and Introduction
  to Geographic Information
• Systems. Colorado, 1988. s.com/basis/primer/primer.html
• Ellis, Fiona. Spatial Data Entry. University
  of Melbourne. 2000. 3 Dec 2005
• DE_Theory.htm
• Getting Started with GIS. RGS-IBG. GIS
  professionals. November 28, 2005.
• Longhorn, Roger. Identifying ethical and
  unethical activities in
• GIS. GISdevelopment. 5 Dec. 2005.
• 4/july/18.shtml
• Park, Jinsoo. Spatial Data Modeling Issues
  and Implications on Geographic
• Information Systems. University of Minnesota
  Working Paper. (2000) 1-20.
• Spencer, John, Brian Frizzelle, Philip Page and
  John B.Vogler
• Global Positioning System a Field Guide for the
  Social Sciences, Massachusetts Blackwell
  Publishing, 2003.

32

• Questions?