Eric H. Livingston

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THE CONTINUING EVOLUTION OF STORMWATER AND
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT

• Eric H. Livingston
• Bureau of Watershed Management
• Florida Dept. of Env. Protection
• Tallahassee, Florida
• 850/245-8430
• eric.livingston_at_dep.state.fl.us
• http//www.dep.state.fl.us/water/watershed

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TODAYS PRESENTATION

• Evolution of stormwater management
• Maintaining BMP design criteria
• Evolution of ES BMPs
• Changes to Floridas stormwater rules

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THE PROBLEM
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THE STORMWATER PROBLEM

• Humans cause
• Changes in land use
• Compaction of soil, imperviousness
• Development in floodplains, wetlands
• Alteration of natural stormwater systems
• Adding Drainage systems
• Addition of pollutants

• Resulting in
• Decreased recharge
• Increased speed of runoff
• Increased volume of runoff
• Increased pollutants

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STORMWATER IMPACTS FROM URBANIZATION

• Changes in ground water infiltration
• Changes in watershed hydrology
• Changes in stream hydrology
• Changes in stream morphology
• Changes in riparian zone habitat
• Changes in water quality
• Changes to aquatic habitat
• Changes in aquatic ecosystems

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THE SOLUTION TO DATE
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EVOLUTION OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

• Drainage

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IN THE BEGINNING

• Water was the common enemy
• Minimal funding except for flood control
• Assimilative Capacity Pollutant Load
• People didnt understand - few cared unless they
  got flooded!

• Management Dictum
• Ditch to Daylight
• Drain Wetlands
• Limited Science/Data
• Limited Flood Management
• No Environmental Linkage

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EVOLUTION OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

• Drainage
• Erosion and sediment control

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EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL ACTS

• Mid 1970s Early 1980s
• Statewide legislation typical
• SWCD implementation
• BMP manuals
• Training programs

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EVOLUTION OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

• Drainage
• Erosion and sediment control
• Stormwater treatment

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STORMWATER IS POLLUTED!

• 208, 319 program sampling results
• Few federal resources/mandates
• Few states implemented programs
• Assimilative Capacity

• Management Dictum
• Drainage still rules
• Increased science/data
• BMP development
• New environmental linkage

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Federal Clean Water Act Approaches

• Technology based effluent limits
• Water quality based effluent limits

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Technology-based Stormwater RulesThe BMP Process

• 1. Design BMPs based on site-specific
• conditions, technical, institutional,
• and economic feasibility, and WQS.
• 2. Monitor to ensure proper implementation.
• 3. Monitor to determine BMP effectiveness.
• 4. Adjust BMP designs to improve
• effectiveness and/or evaluate and adjust
• WQS.

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STATEWIDE STORMWATER TREATMENT PROGRAMS

• Florida 1979
• Maryland 1984
• Virginia 1990
• Delaware 1991
• South Carolina 1992
• Massachusetts 1998
• Rhode Island 2002
• Wisconsin 2002
• New Jersey 2003

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STORMWATER TREATMENT PROGRAMS

• TECHNOLOGY BASED
• Performance Standard
• BMP Design Criteria
• Presumption of compliance

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STORMWATER PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
Load vs. concentration? Annual vs. seasonal vs
storm? For what pollutants?

• Most common in U.S. programs
• Retain sediment onsite or not violate
  turbidity standard
• 80 average annual reduction
• of TSS loadings

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Performance Standard for New Stormwater
Discharges (62-40, F.A.C.)

• Erosion and sediment control
• Retain sediment on-site
• Not violate turbidity standard
• Stormwater quantity
• Discharge rate WMD or local standards
• Volume control
• Stormwater quality
• 80 average annual load reduction (TSS)
• 95 average annual load reduction
• Basin specific requirements

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WHY 80 TSS LOAD REDUCTION?

• Equitability with point sources
• Min treatment secondary 80 TSS
• Cost effectiveness
• 80 knee of the treatment curve

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BMP Design Criteria Factors

• Land Use
• imperviousness/DCIA, runoff volume, traffic
• Precipitation
• Volume, number of storms, interevent dry period
• BMP efficiency
• Annual load reduction, on-line vs off-line,
  reuse,
• retention vs detention, BMP treatment train
• Pollutants
• Annual vs seasonal loads, concentrations,
• first flush

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Original BMP Treatment Volumesto get 80
Effectiveness

• SWALES Infiltrate 80 of the runoff from a
  3- yr 1-hr storm within 72 hours.
• RETENTION Infiltrate runoff from 1 rain, or
  (
• FILTRATION Detain and filter runoff from 1 rain,
  or (
• DETENTION Detain 1 runoff and slowly release
  over a 5 day period.

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STORMWATER TREATMENT PRACTICES

• Swales
• Retention systems
• Infiltration basins
• Infiltration trenches
• Exfiltration trenches
• Dry detention
• Filter systems
• Wet detention
• Wetlands
• Green roofs
• SW reuse

BMPs
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BMP DESIGN CRITERIA ARE DYNAMIC!

• 1979 17 - 4.248
• 1982 17-25
• 1984 Modify BMP DC
• 1985 Wetland BMP DC

Floridas BMP design criteria are outdated
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Current BMP Treatment Volumes to get 80
Effectiveness
SWALES Infiltrate 80 of the runoff from a
3-yr 1-hr storm within 72 hours. RETENTION
Off-line Infiltrate 0.5 runoff, or 1.25 X Imp
Area. On-line Infiltrate an additional 0.5
runoff DETENTION Detain 1 runoff or 2.5 X Imp
Area and slowly release over a 5 day
period. WETLANDS Pretreat, detain 1 or 2.5 X
Imp Area, then sheet flow through wetland,
release over 5 days. FILTRATION
Off-line Filter 1 runoff or 2.5 X Imp Area
On-line Filter an additional 0.5 runoff
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COMPARISON OF TREATMENT EFFICIENCIES
ESTIMATED REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES TYPE OF
BMP ( LOAD REDUCTION) TN TP
TSS BOD DRY RETENTION 0.50 VOLUME 80 80
80 80 0.75 VOLUME 90 90 90
90 1.00 VOLUME 95 95 95
95 1.25 VOLUME 98 98 98
98 OFF-LINE RET/DET 60 85 90
80 WET RETENTION 40 50 85 40 WET
DETENTION 40 65 85 65 WET
DET/FILTER 0-10 50 85 75 DRY
DETENTION 10-20 20-40
40-60 30-50 DRY DET/FILTER 0-20 0-20
40-60 0-50 ALUM INJECTION 40 90
95 70
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EVOLUTION OF BMPs ANDBMP DESIGN CRITERIA

• Using the good science to get better treatment
  performance
• Enhanced erosion/sediment control
• Impacts of BMPs on ground water
• Enhancing BMP nutrient removal
• Proprietary BMPs effectiveness?
• Getting the most bang for the buck

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Floridas Erosion and Sediment Control BMPs

• Originally from Virginia ES Manual (1984)
• Slight modifications in mid-1990s

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NEWS FLASH!!!!!

• FDOT, FDEP, and WMDs to revise Floridas erosion
  and sediment control
• Standards and specifications
• BMP manual
• Inspector manual
• UCF Stormwater Management Academy

Just say NO to hay bales!
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EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL BMP REVISIONS

• Part of evolution of Floridas stormwater program
• Will be integrated into new state stormwater rule
• Will be integrated into NPDES stormwater rules
• Will be basis for revised Inspector Training
  Program

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ENHANCED EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL
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ENHANCED EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL-INSTITUTION
AL
Most effective enforcement tool STOP WORK ORDER
STOP
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Phosphorus Trends in Florida Waters 1970 -2005
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Caloosahatchee River October 15, 2005
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EVOLUTION OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT LID WHY?

• Drainage
• Erosion and sediment control
• Stormwater treatment
• Stormwater retrofitting

BUT We are still not achieving our goal
of protecting or enhancing aquatic ecosystems

• Watershed management
• Florida Watershed Restoration Act (403.067, F.S.)

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CURRENT STATUS OF IMPAIRED WATERS(Through Group
5)
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IMPAIRED WATERS PROBLEMS AND POLLUTION SOURCES

• MAJOR POLLUTANTS OF CONCERN
• Nutrients, nutrients, nutrients!
• Oxygen demanding substances
• Bacteria
• MAJOR SOURCES OF POLLUTANTS
• Stormwater existing development
• Stormwater future development
• Stormwater agricultural
• Leaching agriculture, landscape, OSDS

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EXAMPLE PROJECT
Assume BMPs are wet detention
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HIGHER LEVELS OF STORMWATER TREATMENT WHY?

• Nutrient impaired surface waters (TMDLs)
• Elevated nitrates in springs
• Harmful algal blooms
• Lake Okeechobee Protection Act
• LOER Inititative
• SW Florida EIS/EPA refusal to accept SFWMD
  stormwater permits as 401 WQ certification
• Continuing high growth rate cumulative effects

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THE SOLUTION?STATEWIDE STORMWATER TREATMENT RULE
POST

Peak discharge rate

Volume

Recharge

Pollutant loading (nutrients)

In effect in Lake Apopka, Lake Okeechobee, and
SW Florida
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EVOLUTION FOR STORMWATER/WATERSHED MANAGERS

• Its the volume!
• Secondary treatment inadequate
• Structural BMPs have limitations
• Return to basics
• Multiple objectives
• Stormwater is an asset

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LIMITS OF STRUCTURAL STORMWATER MANAGEMENT

• Limited treatment capabilities
• Lack of flexibility in site design
• Loss of useable land area
• Connection of impervious areas
• Disregard site resource benefits
• Altered site hydrology/pollutant loads
• Cost
• Maintenance obligations

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RETURN TO BASICSFOCUSING ON POLLUTION PREVENTION

• Reduce stormwater volume
• Conservation or Low Impact Design
• Reduce Directly Connected Imp. Area
• Stormwater reuse

• Reduce stormwater pollutants
• Source controls (FYN, street sweeping)
• Operation and maintenance

• Retain/enhance natural stormwater system
• Riparian buffers, revegetation
• Wetland and floodplain protection
• Protect and plant vegetation

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PREVENTING STORMWATER POLLUTION USING
NONSTRUCTURAL BMPs

• LAND USE MANAGEMENT PROMOTE LID
• Protect natural SWM system
• Protect natural areas, wetlands, riparian buffers
• Minimize impervious surfaces, veg clearing
• SOURCE CONTROLS
• Fertilizer bags stored under roof
• Water from fertilizer storage into sewer system
• Fertilizer spills swept up and used on-site
• Florida Friendly fertilizers (low P)
• Natural landscaping (FYN Program)
• PUBLIC EDUCATION
• Storm sewer stenciling
• Roof runoff to pervious areas
• Aquascaping littoral areas

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UNIFIED STORMWATER RULE CONCEPTS

• One storm does not fit all
• BMP treatment train required
• Credits for nonstructural BMPs
• Green roofs
• Pervious concrete
• Florida Friendly Landscaping
• Disconnect impervious areas
• Higher CN for cleared areas (compaction)
• Compensating treatment (WQ Banking)
• Retrofit section

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BMP TREATMENT TRAIN

Final Treatment and Attenuation
Runoff Load Generation
Additional Treatment Attenuation
Source controls Public ed Erosion control Roof
runoff Florida Yards LID
Storage tank Sediment sump Alum
Swales Catch basins Filter inlets Oil/water
separators
Retention Detention Wetlands Reuse
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LID IMPEDIMENTS IN FLORIDA

• Effectiveness data
• FYN, green roofs
• Swales, rain gardens
• Pervious pavement
• Stormwater reuse
• State stormwater regulations
• Local land development regulations
• Save the Swales!
• Reduce imperviousness
• Landscaping based on FYN/Green Industries BMP
  Program
• Reduced time for permit approval

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URBAN STORMWATER BMP RESEARCH

• UCF Stormwater Management Academy
• Managed stormwater is good water
• http//stormwater.ucf.edu/
• FDEP stormwater research projects
• Effectiveness of littoral zones
• Improving nitrogen removal in BMPs
• Stormwater reuse design/health risks
• Evaluation of Florida Friendly landscapes
• Evaluation of pervious concrete
• Evaluation of green roofs
• Turf grass fertilization/irrigation needs
• Erosion/sediment control BMP effectiveness
• Florida Urban BMP Data Base

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LID IMPEDIMENTS IN FLORIDA

• Effectiveness data
• FYN, green roofs
• Swales, rain gardens
• Pervious pavement
• Stormwater reuse
• State stormwater regulations
• Local land development regulations

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KEY ELEMENTS FOR RESTORING YOUR COMMUNITYS
WATERS Reducing Impacts from New Development

• Revise Land Development Regs - Promote Low Impact
  Design
• Minimize clearing, protect vegetation
• Promote clustering
• Reduce imperviousness
• Save the swales
• Landscaping per FYN Program, Green Industry BMP
  Program
• http//www.dep.state.fl.us/water/nonpoint/pubs.htm
  
• Expedited approvals
• Stop work orders for enforcement

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The Big Cs of Watershed Management

• Creativity
• Common Sense
• Cash

• Cumulative
• Comprehensive
• Catchment
• Continuity
• Consistency

• Cultural Change
• Confession
• Challenge

• Communication
• Cooperation
• Coordination

• Commitment

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Water is the lifeblood of our Planet