solid waste management

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SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT
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WASTE

• It is defined as
• Waste (also known as rubbish,
  trash, refuse, garbage, junk) is any unwanted or
  useless materials.
• OR
• Any materials unused and rejected as
  worthless or unwanted and A useless or
  profitless activity using or expending or
  consuming thoughtlessly or carelessly

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INTRODUCTION

• Since the beginning, Human kind has been
  generating waste.
• It could be in the form of
• Bones
• Other parts of animals they slaughter
• Wood
• With the progress of civilization the waste
  generated became of a more complex nature.

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• At the end of 19th century (Industrial
  revolution) there was rise in the world of
  consumers.
• The increase in population and urbanization was
  also largely responsible for the increase in
  solid waste

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TYPES OF WASTE

• Solid Waste
• Liquid Waste
• Gaseous Wastes
• Animal by-products
• Biodegradable waste
• Biomedical waste
• Bulky waste
• Business waste

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• Chemical waste
• Clinical waste
• Coffee wastewater
• Commercial waste
• Construction and demolition waste (CD waste)
• Controlled waste
• Consumable waste
• Composite

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SOLID WASTE

• It is defined as
• Non-liquid, non-soluble materials ranging
  from municipal garbage to industrial wastes that
  contain complex and sometimes hazardous
  substances

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• Solid wastes also include
• Sewage sludge
• Agricultural refuse
• Demolition wastes
• Mining residues

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TYPES OF SOLID WASTE

• Broadly there are 3 types of waste which are as
  follows
• Household waste is generally classified as
  Municipal waste
• Industrial waste as Hazardous waste
• Biomedical waste or Hospital waste as Infectious
  waste

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MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE

• Municipal solid waste consists of
• Household waste
• Construction and demolition debris
• Sanitation residue
• Waste from streets.

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• With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle
  and food habits, the amount of municipal solid
  waste has been increasing rapidly and its
  composition changing.
• The existing landfills are neither well equipped
  or well managed and are not lined properly to
  protect against contamination of soil and
  groundwater.

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The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate The type of litter we generate and the approximate time it takes to degenerate
Type of litter Approximate time it takes to degenerate the litter
Organic waste such as vegetable and fruit peels, leftover foodstuff, etc A week or two.
Paper 1030 days
Cotton cloth 25 months
Wood 1015 years
Woolen items 1 year
Tin, aluminum, and other metal items such as cans 100500 years
Plastic bags one million years
Glass bottles undetermined
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HAZARDOUS WASTE

• Industrial and hospital waste is considered
  hazardous as they may contain toxic substances.
• Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic to humans,
  animals, and plants. They are
• Corrosive
• Highly inflammable, or explosive
• React when exposed to certain things e.g. gases

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• Household wastes that can be categorized as
  hazardous waste include
• old batteries
• shoe polish
• paint tins
• old medicines
• medicine bottles.

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• Hospital waste contaminated by chemicals used in
  hospitals is considered hazardous.
• These chemicals include formaldehyde and phenols,
  which are used as disinfectants.

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• In the industrial sector, the major generators of
  hazardous waste are the metal, chemical, paper,
  pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber goods
  industries.
• Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste
  such as mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

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HOSPITAL WASTE

• Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis,
  treatment, or immunization of human beings or
  animals
• It may include wastes like
• Sharps
• Soiled waste
• Disposables
• Anatomical waste
• Cultures
• Discarded medicines
• Chemical wastes

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• These are in the form of disposable syringes,
  swabs, bandages, body fluids, human excreta, etc.
  
• This waste is highly infectious and can be a
  serious threat to human health if not managed in
  a scientific and discriminate manner
• It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of
  waste generated in a hospital at least 1 kg would
  be infected

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SOURCES AND OTHER TYPES OF WASTE
Source Typical Waste Generators Types of solid wastes
1Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes Paper Cardboard Plastics Textiles Leather Yard wastes Wood Glass Metals Ashes Special wastes (e.g bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, batteries, oil, tires), and household hazardous wastes.)
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2 Industrial Light and heavy manufacturing, fabrication, construction sites, power and chemical plants. Housekeeping wastes Packaging Food wastes Construction and demolition materials Hazardous wastes Ashes Special wastes.
3Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants, markets, office buildings, etc. Paper cardboard plastics wood food wastes glass metals special wastes hazardous wastes
4 Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons, government centers. Same as commercial.
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5Construction and demolition New construction sites, road repair, renovation sites, demolition of buildings Wood steel concrete dirt etc.
6Municipal services Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants. Street sweepings landscape and tree trimmings General wastes from parks Beaches Recreational areas sludge.
7Process (manufacturing etc.) Heavy and light manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, mineral extraction and processing. Industrial process wastes Scrap materials Off-specification products.
8Agriculture Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms. Spoiled food wastes Agricultural wastes Hazardous wastes (e.g., pesticides).
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 CAUSES OF SOLID WASTE

• The main sources for solid wastes are domestic,
  commercial, industrial, municipal, and
  agricultural wastes.
• The composition of a city waste is as follows
• Paper, wood, cardboard 53
• Garbage 22
• Ceramics, glass, crockery 10
• Metals 8
• Rubber, plastics, discarded textiles 7

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• The increase in the quantity of solid waste is
  due to
• Overpopulation,
• Affluence (material comfort)
• Technological advancement

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EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE

• a) Health Hazard
• If solid wastes are not collected and allowed to
  accumulate, they may create unsanitary
  conditions.
• This may lead to epidemic outbreaks.
• Many diseases like cholera, diarrhea, dysentery,
  plague, jaundice, or gastro-intestinal diseases
  may spread and cause loss of human lives.
• In addition, improper handling of the solid
  wastes is a health hazard for the workers who
  come in direct contact with the waste

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• b) Environmental Impact
• If the solid wastes are not treated properly,
  decomposition and putrefaction (decay) may take
  place.
• The organic solid waste during decomposition may
  generate obnoxious (intolerable) odors.

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WASTE MANAGEMENT

• 4 Rs CONCEPT
• Four Rs (Refuse, Reuse, Recycle and Reduce) to be
  followed for waste management.

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REFUSE

• Instead of buying new containers from the market,
  use the ones that are in the house. Refuse to buy
  new items though you may think they are prettier
  than the ones you already have.

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REUSE

• Do not throw away the soft drink cans or the
  bottles cover them with homemade paper or paint
  on them and use them as pencil stands or small
  vases.

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RECYCLE

• Use shopping bags made of cloth or jute, which
  can be used over and over again.

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REDUCE

• Reduce the generation of unnecessary waste, e.g.
  carry your own shopping bag when you go to the
  market and put all your purchases directly into
  it.

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CONTROL MEASURES

• The main purpose of solid waste management is to
  minimize the adverse effects on the environment.
  The steps involved are
• Collection of solid wastes
• Disposal of solid wastes
• Utilization of wastes

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COLLECTION OF SOLID WASTES

• Collection of waste includes gathering the waste,
  transporting it to a centralized location, and
  then moving it to the site of disposal.
• The collected waste is then separated into
• Hazardous
• Non-hazardous materials.

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DISPOSAL OF SOLID WASTES

• Before the final disposal of the solid wastes, it
  is processed to recover the usable resources and
  to improve the efficiency of the solid waste
  disposal system.
• The main processing technologies are
• compaction
• Incineration
• Manual separation.

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• The appropriate solid waste disposal method has
  to be selected, keeping in view the following
  objectives
• Should be economically viable
• Should not create a health hazard
• Should not cause adverse environmental effects
• Should not result in unpleasant sight, odor, and
  noise

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UTILIZATION OF WASTES

• The solid wastes can be properly utilized to
  gather the benefits such as
• Conservation of natural resources
• Economic development
• Generate many useful products
• Employment opportunities
• Control of air pollution

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

• Waste management is the collection, transport,
  processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring
  of waste materials.
• The term usually relates to materials produced by
  human activity, and is generally undertaken to
  reduce their effect on health, the environment or
  aesthetics.
• Management is also carried out to recover
  resources from it. Waste management can involve
  solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive substances

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• Waste management practices differ for developed
  and developing nations, for urban and rural
  areas, and for residential and industrial
  producers.
• Management for non-hazardous waste residential
  and institutional waste in metropolitan areas is
  usually the responsibility of local government
  authorities.
• Management for non-hazardous commercial and
  industrial waste is usually the responsibility of
  the generator.

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METHODS OF DISPOSAL

• Disposing of waste in a landfill involves burying
  the waste, and this remains a common practice in
  most countries.
• Landfills were often established in
• Abandoned or unused quarries,
• Mining voids
• Borrow pits

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A properly designed and well-managed landfill can
be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method
of disposing of waste materials
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INCENERATION

• Incineration is a disposal method in which solid
  organic wastes are subjected to combustion so as
  to convert them into residue and gaseous
  products.
• This process reduces the volumes of solid waste
  to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume.
• Incineration and other high temperature waste
  treatment systems are sometimes described as
  "thermal treatment".

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RECYCLING

• Recycling refers to the collection and reuse of
  waste materials such as empty beverage
  containers.
• The materials from which the items are made can
  be reprocessed into new products.
• Material for recycling may be collected
  separately from general waste using dedicated
  bins and collection vehicles, or sorted directly
  from mixed waste streams.

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• The most common consumer products recycled
  include
• Aluminum such as beverage cans
• Copper such as wire
• Steel food and aerosol cans
• Old steel furnishings or equipment
• Polyethylene and PET bottles
• Glass bottles and jars
• Paperboard cartons
• Newspapers, magazines and light paper
• Corrugated fiberboard boxes.

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SUSTANIBILTY

• The management of waste is a key component in a
  business ability to maintaining ISO 14001
  official approval.
• Companies are encouraged to improve their
  environmental efficiencies each year.
• One way to do this is by improving a companys
  waste management with a new recycling service.
  (such as recycling glass, food waste, paper and
  cardboard, plastic bottles etc.)

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BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING

• Waste materials that are organic in nature, such
  as
• plant material
• food scraps
• paper products
• Can be recycled using biological composting and
  digestion processes to decompose the organic
  matter

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• The resulting organic material is then recycled
  as mulch or compost for agricultural or
  landscaping purposes.
• In addition, waste gas from the process (such as
  methane) can be captured and used for generating
  electricity and heat (CHP/cogeneration)
  maximizing efficiencies

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ENERGY RECOVERY

• The energy content of waste products can be
  harnessed directly by using them as a
• Direct combustion fuel
• Indirectly by processing them into another
• Type of fuel
• There are 2 types of Thermal Treatment
• Pyrolysis
• Gasification

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AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION METHOD

• An important method of waste management is the
  prevention of waste material being created, also
  known as waste reduction.
• Methods of avoidance includes
• Reuse of second-hand products
• Repairing broken items instead of buying new

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• Designing products to be refillable or reusable
  (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags)
  
• Encouraging consumers to avoid using disposable
  products (such as disposable cutlery)
• Removing any food/liquid remains from cans
• Packaging
• Designing products that use less material to
  achieve the same purpose (for example, light
  weighting of beverage cans).

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WASTE HANDLING AND TRANSPORT

• Waste collection methods vary widely among
  different countries and regions.
• Domestic waste collection services are often
  provided by local government authorities, or by
  private companies in the industry.

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TECHNOLOGIES

• The waste management industry has been slow to
  adopt new technologies such as
• RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags,
• GPS
• Integrated software packages

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WASTE MANAGEMENT CONCEPT

• There are a number of concepts about waste
  management which vary in their usage between
  countries or regions.

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• Waste hierarchy The waste hierarchy refers to
  the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which
  classify waste management strategies according to
  their desirability in terms of waste minimization.

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• Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays
  Principle is a principle where the polluting
  party pays for the impact caused to the
  environment. With respect to waste management,
  this generally refers to the requirement for a
  waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal
  of the waste.

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EDUCATION AND AWARENESS

• Education and awareness in the area of waste and
  waste management is increasingly important from a
  global perspective of resource management. The
  Talloires Declaration is a declaration for
  sustainability concerned about the unprecedented
  scale and speed of environmental pollution and
  degradation, and the depletion of natural
  resources. Local, regional, and global air
  pollution accumulation and distribution of toxic
  wastes destruction and depletion of forests,
  soil, and water depletion of the ozone layer and
  emission of "green house" gases threaten the
  survival of humans and thousands of other living
  species.

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PAKISTAN

• Solid waste collection by government owned and
  operated services in Pakistan's cities currently
  averages only 50 percent of waste quantities
  generated however, for cities to be relatively
  clean, at least 75 percent of these quantities
  should be collected.
• Unfortunately, none of the cities in Pakistan has
  a proper solid waste management system right from
  collection of solid waste up to its proper
  disposal.

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URBANIZATION PATTERN

• According to the 1981 census, of the 5.92 million
  persons who had migrated within the country,
  87.6 moved from rural to urban areas, while only
  12.4 moved in the opposite direction. Over 50
  of them permanently settled in cities.
• During the last several decades, migration has
  occurred from rural to urban areas. The chief
  factors responsible for this migration are
• Slow progress in the agriculture sector,
• Low crop yields,

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• Lack of alternate employment opportunities
• Environmental degradation due to water
  logging/salinity, deforestation and
  desertification
• According to a study, the selected cities are
  growing at a growth rate from 3.67 to 7.42
  which is much higher than the overall growth rate
  of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8. Major cities in Pakistan
  are estimated to double their population in next
  ten years. These cities are generating high
  amounts of solid waste which is increasing
  annually with the respective population growth.

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GROWTH IN SOLID WASTE GENERATION

• Presently it is estimated that, 54,888 tons
  per day of solid waste is generated in Pakistan.
  The Ministry of Environment undertook a study
  during 1996 on "Data Collection for Preparation
  of National Study on Privatization of Solid Waste
  Management in Eight Selected Cities of Pakistan".
  The study revealed that the rate of waste
  generation on average from all type of municipal
  controlled areas varies from 0.283 kg/capita/day
  to 0.613 kg/capita/day or from 1.896 kg/house/day
  to 4.29 kg/house/day in all the selected cities.

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SCENARIO - STRATEGIC
CHALLENGES

• Solid waste in Pakistan is generally composed
  of
• Plastic and rubber
• Metal
• Paper and cardboard
• Textile waste
• Glass
• Food waste
• Animal waste
• Leaves

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• Grass
• Straws and fodder
• Bones
• Wood
• Stones and fines to various extents.

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INSTITUTIONAL, LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT ASPECTS

• Under the recently devolved local government
  system, the Town/ Tehsil Municipal Administration
  (TMAs) are responsible for the solid waste
  collection, transportation and disposal. However,
  TMAs are unable to cope with continuously
  increasing volumes of municipal waste due to
  inadequate funds, lack of rules, regulations and
  standards, lack of knowhow on the subject, lack
  of expertise and lack of collection vehicles and
  equipment

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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY

• The Government of Pakistan enacted the Pakistan
  Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) in 1997 which
  is the most recent and updated legislation on
  environment.
• It provides a framework for establishing federal
  and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies
  (EPAs).
• Presently the legal rules and regulations dealing
  with solid waste management in Pakistan are as
  follows

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Current

• 1 Section 11 of the Pakistan Environmental
  Protection Act prohibits discharge of waste in an
  amount or concentration that violates the
  National Environmental Quality Standards.
• 2 Draft Hazardous Substances Rules of 1999.
• 3 Islamabad Capital Territory Bye Laws, 1968 by
  Capital Development Authority Islamabad
• 4 Section 132 of the Cantonment Act 1924 deals
  with Deposits and disposal of rubbish etc
• 5 Provisions contained in the Local Government
  Ordinance, 2001
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Required

• The rules and guidelines that are yet to be
  introduced include
• Basic Recycling rules
• Waste Management rules
• E-Waste Management rules
• Development of Environmental Performance
  Indicators (EPI)
• Eco-Labeling guidelines and its promotion
• Adoption of Life Cycle Assessment Approaches
• Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Collection
  and Disposal
• Guidelines for model landfill sites

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CURRENT STATUS OF SWM PRACTICES

• Currently solid waste in Pakistan has not been
  carried out in a sufficient and proper manner in
  
• Collection
• Transportation
• Disposal or dumping regardless of the size of the
  city.
• These aspect may include

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• Rate of urbanization
• Pattern and density of urban areas
• Physical planning and control of development
• Physical composition of waste
• Density of waste
• Temperature and precipitation
• Scavengers activity for recyclable separation
• The capacity
• Adequacy and limitations of respective
  municipalities to manage the solid waste.

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• According to the 1998 census, of the 130.579
  million persons living in Pakistan, 67 live in
  rural areas, while 33 live in urban areas.
  Furthermore, out of 33 of persons living urban
  areas, 54 of them live in ten major cities of
  Pakistan. During the last several decades,
  migration has occurred from rural to urban areas.
  The major factors responsible for this migration
  are
• Slow progress in the agriculture sector
• Low crop yields
• Lack of alternate employment opportunities
• Environmental degradation due to water
  logging/salinity
• Deforestation and desertification.

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POPULATION AND HOUSEHOLD ESTIMATES

• The number and growth of population and
  households is the foremost factor affecting the
  solid waste and its management at various stages.
  
• The selected cities are growing at a rate ranging
  between 3.67 to 7.42, which is much higher than
  the overall growth rate of Pakistan, i.e. 2.8
  (EPMC, 1996).

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• Major cities of them are estimated to double
  their population in next ten years.
• The numbers of households also play an important
  role in generation and collection of the solid
  waste.
• The average household size in the selected cities
  varies from 6.7 to 7.3 persons.

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WASTE GENERATION AND COLLECTION ESTIMATES

• The average rate of waste generation from all
  type of municipal controlled areas varies from
  1.896 kg/house/day to 4.29 kg/house/day in a few
  major cities.
• It shows a trend of waste generation wherein
  increase has been recorded in accordance with
  city's population besides its social and economic
  development.

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• In Pakistan, solid waste is mainly collected by
  municipalities and waste collection efficiencies
  range from 0 percent in low-income rural areas to
  90 percent in high- income areas of large cities.
  
• Collection rate of solid waste by respective
  municipalities ranges from 51 to 69 of the
  total waste generated within their jurisdiction.

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PHYSICAL COMPOSITION OF WASTE

• The move from landfill-based to resource-based
  waste management systems requires a greater
  knowledge of the composition of municipal solid
  waste. Solid waste in Pakistan is generally
  composed of three categories i.e.
• Biodegradable such as food waste, animal waste,
  leaves, grass, straws, and wood.
• Non-biodegradable are plastic, rubber, textile
  waste, metals, fines, stones and
• Recyclable material includes paper, card board,
  rags and bones.

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WASTE TREATMENT AND DISPOSAL

• The waste is disposed off within or outside
  municipal limits into low lying areas like ponds
  etc, without any treatment except recyclable
  separation by scavengers. The land is also
  hired/leased on long term basis for disposal.
  Moreover, the least mitigating measures have also
  never been reported from any municipality.
  Treatment and disposal technologies such as
  sanitary land filling, composting and
  incineration are comparatively new in Pakistan

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• Crude open dumping is the most common practice
  throughout Pakistan and dump sites are commonly
  set to fire to reduce the volume of accumulating
  waste. At present, there are no landfill
  regulations or standards that provide a basis for
  compliance and monitoring, but national
  guidelines for these standards are being prepared
  by the Consultant under National Environmental
  Action Plan Support Program (NEAP SP).

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CONCLUSION

• The overall conclusion of the study on present
  status of solid waste management in Pakistan as
  follows
• 1.There is a limited focus on control mechanisms
  which is adversely effecting on safety, health
  and the environment.
• 2.Regulations are inadequately enforced and SWM
  does not seem to be a priority.
• 3.None of the cities has an integrated solid
  waste management system

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• Collection rate 5 1-69 of total waste
  generated.
• Hospital and industrial wastes are treated as
  ordinary waste
• A lot of potential for recycling and involvement
  of private sector which is overlooked
• No disposal facilities

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• Open burning of waste or open disposal is most
  common practice.
• No weighing facilities are installed at any
  disposal sites
• Open burning of non-degradable components like
  plastic bags are adding to air pollution
• Much of the uncollected waste poses serious
  health hazards

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RECOMMENDATIONS

• Following recommendations are proposed for
  sustainable SWM
• 1.The involvement of people and private sector
  through NGOs could improve the efficiency of SWM.
• 2.Public awareness should be created especially
  at primary school.
• 3.Littering of SW should be prohibited in cities,
  towns and urban areas.
• 4.Moreover, house-to-house collection of SW
  should be organized

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• The collection bins must have a large enough
  capacity to accommodate 20 more than the
  expected waste generation in the area.
• Municipal authorities should maintain the storage
  facilities to avoid unhygienic and unsanitary
  conditions.
• Proper segregation would lead to better options
  and opportunities for scientific disposal of
  waste.

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• An open dump or an uncontrolled waste disposal
  area should be rehabilitated. It is advisable to
  move from open dumping to sanitary land filling
  in a phased manner.
• Land filling should be restricted to
  non-biodegradable, inert waste and other waste
  that are not suitable either for recycling or for
  biological processing

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