Techniques of Supervision Winthrop University

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Techniques of SupervisionWinthrop University
Welcome!
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Introductions

• Introduce yourself to the person beside you and
  tell him/her why you are here.

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Housekeeping

• Review of Syllabus
• Restrooms
• Breaks
• Food
• Punctuality
• Ground Rules

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SOLO Rubric

• Extended Abstract
• Relational
• Multistructural
• Unistructural
• Prestructural

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SOLO Rubric

• Extended Abstract
• Relational
• Multistructural
• Unistructural
• Prestructural

• Only Relational and Extended Abstract
• are acceptable for graduate students.

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Graduate Conceptual Framework

• Leadership
• Scholarship
• Service

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Changing Schools Through Changing Leadership

• What Successful School Leaders need to know and
  be able to do
• Research from SREB
• Commissioned a literature review Leading School
  Improvement What the Research Says
• Interviewed Exemplary School Leaders
• Convened national, state, university and school
  leaders
• Wrote Preparing a New Breed of School Principal
  Its Time For Action

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Good Leadership

• Do you feel that good leadership is an essential
  ingredient of high-performing schools and
  high-achieving students?
• Good to Great Jim Collins
• Good is the enemy of great and that is one of
  the key reasons few schools ever become great.

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Preparing a New Breed of School Principals
13 Characteristics and Behaviors of
Wildly Successful Leaders
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TEACHER LEADERSHIP
process by which teachers , individually or
collectively, influence their colleagues,
principals, and other members of the school
communities to improve teaching and learning
practices with the aim of increased student
learning and achievement. York-Barr Duke, 2004
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Why?
Educational change depends on what teachers do
and think. Its as simple and as complex as
that. Michael Fullan
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• Focus on Teaching Learning
• __________________________________________________
  ___________________________________
• Improve teacher quality
• Advocate for students
• Sustain focus on student learning

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• Promote Collaboration
• __________________________________________________
  __________________________________________________
  _
• Distribute leadership among many rather than a
  few
• Diverse leadership styles
• Reduce power struggles

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• Organizational Support
• __________________________________________________
  ________________________________________
• Better use of limited resources
• Retain talented teachers

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Leadership
Principals must disavow themselves of the notion
that they must be leader for each person in the
school. Instead they entrust and enable all
staff to grow meaningful relationships with one
another. Gordy Donaldson, 2000
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Leadership is about relationships.
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Icebreaker

• This is a community meeting held at 7PM in a
  school cafeteria.
• The community is in an uproar your high school
  just received the NCLB Report Card and it isnt
  pretty!

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Icebreaker

• Present are
• Principal
• Assistant principal
• District office curriculum specialist
• District office testing specialist
• Teachers
• Parents
• Students from student council
• President, local Chamber of Commerce

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If Only. . .

• Student achievement and learning at our school
  would increase if only. . .

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High-Expectation Classrooms

• More time spent on learning
• Clear goals and performance criteria
• Belief that all students can do the work
• Require students to think and reflect, analyze,
  synthesize and evaluate
• Use a variety of methods and materials
• Communicate a joy for learning
• Time provided for cooperative work and trying out
  various learning strategies
• A sense of teamwork exists
• Learning is connected to childrens lives

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Low-Expectation Classrooms

• More time on discipline, classroom management
• Movement is from chapter to chapter goals
  arent present or are not tied to standards
• Emphasis on working quietly, following
  directions, and using teacher-shown strategies
• Fewer opportunities for students to try different
  learning strategies
• Students asked to recall facts, follow simple
  procedures, answer true/false or matching items
• Low-level tasks are common true/false, etc.
• Lack of enthusiasm and optimism
• Harder-to-engage students are ignored
• Focus on isolated skills

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What We Know About Classroom Practice

• Information gathered from teachers and students
  surveyed in hundreds of schools throughout the
  SREB region found that their students, when
  compared with the rest of the nation
• Were assigned less group or partner work in math
• Were assigned fewer projects in math
• Wrote less about how to solve problems in math

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More about Classroom Practice

• Believed math is mostly about memorizing facts
• Designed and carried out fewer scientific
  investigations
• Gave fewer oral reports in science
• Had fewer discussions about material they had
  read.
• In short, students were given fewer
  opportunities to deepen their understanding
  through application.

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How We Can Improve

• What Kentucky teachers and school leaders said
  made them able to show consistent improvement in
  student achievement over six years
• 87 Curriculum more aligned with
  assessment
• 70 Strong school leadership
• 70 Faculty working together
• 50 Better instruction
• 43 Better diagnosis of student needs
• 38 Better professional development

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If Only. . .

• Student achievement and learning at our school
  would increase if only we would. . .

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Welcome Back

• What are we doing for dinner tonight?
• Review of Course Orientation Questions?
• Conclude If Only activity
• Where are we going?

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Oliva, Chapter 1Historical Approaches

• Chart, Page 5
• Inspection to present
• Main idea The role of the supervisor in public
  schools has expanded

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Oliva, Chapter 1Supervision Defined

• Supervisors must leave their offices for the
  purpose of helping others do their job better
• Supervideo to oversee Latin
• Not evaluation!!!
• Definitions from text
• What is your definition?

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Oliva, Chapter 1Complications to Supervision

• Concepts of Supervision
• Effective Teaching
• Mandates from the State Level
• Tensions between Teachers and Supervisors
• Others from your experience?

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Oliva, Chapter 1
Who Are The Supervisors
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Oliva, Chapter 1More on Supervision

• William Burton, 1922, page 19
• Harris, 1972, page 20
• Snyder, 1997, page 20
• Domains of Supervision
• Roles of Supervision
• Personal Traits
• Knowledge and Skills
• Describe the current state of instructional
  supervision in your school

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Supervision Quotes

• Unfortunately, principals are often as
  beleaguered and time-pressed as their central
  office colleagues and while it is increasingly
  fashionable to talk about the instructional
  leadership role of the principal, often that
  person is hard-pressed to do the job of
  supervision well.

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Supervision Quotes

• We have learned to challenge gifted students to
  encourage continuing growth, but often our gifted
  teachers are left to provide their own
  stimulation or to become bored and atrophied.
• The instructional supervisor, contrasted with
  the administrative supervisor, cannot and should
  not thrust himself or herself on the teacher.

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Supervision Quotes

• If a school system is not able to cater to the
  supervisory needs of all teachers, it must do
  what school systems have always done set
  priorities and/or put our fires. Those that are
  most in need must be assured of help if for no
  other reason than the well-being of their
  students. A better solution would be sufficient
  funding for our schools so that adequate
  supervision can be made available to all who need
  and want it,

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Force Field Analysis

• DRIVING FORCES

• OPPOSING FORCES

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Force Field Analysis

• DRIVING FORCES
• Being part of a team ?
• Time, time, time! ?
• Experiential prof. dev. ?
• Regular team discussions ?
• Permission to take risks ?
• Collaboration ?
• Shared leadership ?
• Focus and vision ?
• Effort encouraged ?
• Mentors ?
• Ownership ?
• Incentives and recognition ?
• Clinical supervision ?
• Peer coaching ?
• Critical friends groups ?

• OPPOSING FORCES
• ? Contradictory demands
• ? Pressure from testing
• ? Isolation
• ? Feeling forced
• ? Defensiveness
• ? Initial excitement then let-down
• ? Past flavors of the month
• ? Micro-management
• ? Mixed messages
• ? Not enough time
• ? Fear
• ? Lack of resources

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Interview Assignment
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Issues in Supervision

• You each will be assigned one issue to read
  carefully about.
• Be prepared to give the class 3 important notes
  on your issue you can do this orally, or on a
  overhead or on the board
• Be prepared to share those notes/key points in
  class in 20 minutes.
• Decide who you are going to interview for the
  first assignment and schedule an interview date.
• Tell me who you are going to interview and why by
  sending me an email next week.

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Essential Question 1

• What is the relationship among curriculum,
  assessment and instruction?

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Relationships
How will we know they know it?
What do we want students to know and be able to
do?
Curriculum
Assessment
Instruction
Student achievement can best be addressed here.
How will we get there?
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Essential Question 2

• What is the role of the school leader in
  improving student achievement through exemplary
  practices in assessment and instruction?

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Helping Teachers Plan for Instruction

• Resistance to Planning
• 6 Point Program
• What are some models of instruction you are
  familiar with?
• 3 characteristics of instructional objectives

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Helping Teachers Plan for Instruction

• The supervisor should encourage teachers to write
  objectives in all 3 domains.
• Cognitive, Psychomotor and Affective
• Bloom Cognitive Most Focus
• Krathwohl Affective Least Focus
• Simpson Psychomotor

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Application

• Work with your partner or group to identify the
  domain and then the category within the domain.

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Carousel Chapter 4

• Should Cooperative Learning Replace
  Individualized Learning? Why/Why Not?
• Should teachers be more concerned about
  content/skills or self-esteem of students? Why?
• Should all students be expected to master all
  basic knowledge and skills? Why?
• What is the place of direct teaching?
• What knowledge and skills are needed for teachers
  to make effective presentations

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School Time

• Hrs/day
• 0.5-1.5
• 1.5-3.5
• 2.0-4.0
• 4.75
• 5.4-6.0
• 6.0

Academic Learning Time
Engaged Time
Instruction Time
Allocated Time
Attendance Time
Total Available Time
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Good Morning Miss Toliver

• As you are watching the video tape, please make a
  list of things the teacher is doing well to
  manage the classroom and increase instructional
  time and things she is not doing well or could
  improve upon.

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Maximizing Instructional Time

• You are a resource for maximizing instructional
  time.
• What are some things teachers can do to make the
  most of the time? What strategies did Miss
  Toliver use to maximize instructional time?

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Classroom Management Research

• Jacob Kounin Ripple Effect 1970. He found
  that teacher intervention has almost no impact on
  student behavior after the misbehavior has
  occurred. The most effective action is to prevent
  problems from happening at all.
• Evertson Study 5000 hours observing 400
  teachers found that teachers whose students
  consistently gained in achievement had organized
  classrooms that ran smoothly, with a minimum of
  disruption.

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Evertsons Characteristics

• Effective classroom managers
• Planned rules and procedures carefully.
• Systematically taught these to students.
• Monitored student work and behavior closely.
• Organized instruction to maximize student task
  engagement and success.
• Communicated expectations clearly.

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Implications of Findings

• Teachers should plan in the summer for how they
  will organize space, materials, students,
  assignments, etc. to facilitate on-task time.
• Teachers should spend time at the beginning of
  the year teaching students rules and procedures
  not just a quick go over it.
• The system should be maintained throughout the
  school year so students know what to expect and
  what is expected from them.

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Six Areas

• Classroom Arrangement
• Rules and Procedures
• Student Accountability
• Maintaining Good Behavior
• Organizing Academic Activities
• Student Engagement

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Keys in Arranging

• Visibility
• Accessibility
• Distractibility

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Rules and Procedures

• RULES
• Are always applicable and govern relationships
  with others, time, space, and materials
• Understandable, manageable, few in number, stated
  behaviorally, stated positively when possible
• PROCEDURES
• Situation-specific ways to get things done
• Ways to participate in activities, beginning
  end of class routines, housekeeping, paperwork
• Require teaching and practice

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Accountability

• Set the Stage
• Make assignments accessible
• Clarify what to do and how to do it
• All students know when, where, and how to submit
  work
• Maintain
• Be consistent
• Use fair grading system
• Timely feedback
• Students can track own progress

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Differentiated Instruction Is. . .

• Proactive
• More qualitative than quantitative
• Rooted in assessment
• Multiple approaches to content, process, and
  product
• Student-centered
• Blend of groupings
• Organic
• From How to Differentiate Instruction in
  Mixed-Ability Classrooms,
• by Carol Ann Tomlinson

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Flow of Instruction
Figure 1.1 Differentiation of Instruction A
teacher's response to learners needs, guided by
general principles of differentiation, such
as Respectful tasks
Flexible grouping Ongoing
assessment

and
adjustment Teachers can differentiate
Content
Process
Product
According to students
Learning Profile
Readiness
Interests
Through a range of instructional and management
strategies such as
Tiered lessons Tiered centers Tiered products
Learning contracts Small-group instruction
Group investigation orbitals Independent study
4MAT Varied questioning strategies Interest
centers Interest groups Varied homework
Compacting Varied journal prompts Complex
instruction
Multiple intelligences Jigsaw puzzles Taped
material Anchor activities Varying organizers
Varied texts Varied supplementary materials
Literature circles

• From How to Differentiate Instruction in
  Mixed-Ability Classrooms,
• by Carol Ann Tomlinson

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Differentiated Instruction Isnt. . .

• Individualized instruction of the 1970s
• Chaotic
• Just another way to provide homogeneous groupings
• Tailoring the same suit of clothes
• From How to Differentiate Instruction in
  Mixed-Ability Classrooms,
• by Carol Ann Tomlinson

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Definition

• In a differentiated classroom, the teacher
  proactively plans and carries out varied
  approaches to content, process, and product in
  anticipation of and response to student
  differences in readiness, interest, and learning
  needs.
• From How to Differentiate Instruction in
  Mixed-Ability Classrooms,
• by Carol Ann Tomlinson

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We Know What Works

• Marzano 9 Strategies Based on Research
• You are assigned a strategy to read about. You
  will have at least one partner with the same
  strategy.
• Report out on 1) How research supports this
  strategy 2) General principles for using this
  strategy effectively 3) Variations on the
  strategy 4) How this information can help you as
  an instructional leader.

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Marzano

• Marzano Presentations
• You have 40 minutes to prepare for your
  presentation to the class.
• Please give us a visual or an activity to help us
  remember the strategy
• Presentations can last up to 15 minutes each, but
  no longer.

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Instruction that is proven to increase student
achievement has the following qualities

• Aligned with standards
• Active student participation
• Emphasis on higher-order thinking skills and
  rich, complex ideas
• Reading and writing in all subjects
• Complex problem-solving
• Uses formative assessment to inform teaching
  decisions and provide student feedback

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Welcome Back

• Test 1
• Food!
• Supervision Interviews Debrief process
• Lets start thinking about assessment

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Understanding By Design

• The critical point is that we start with
  outcomes, as defined by curriculum standards, and
  only then are we ready to specify which
  instruction is appropriate.
• This is the basic principle of Understanding By
  Design

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Assessment-True or False?

• Curriculum standards are not generally in our
  control, but we can choose how much time we spend
  on each, and which teaching strategies we will
  use.
• We should focus on assessments that are used not
  just at the end of the unit to assign a grade,
  but throughout instruction to chart student
  progress and tailor instruction as needed.
• Assessments are often performance based so that
  we get very rich information from which to base
  our decisions.

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Continued

• Once we have defined the desired performance
  (standards), we build instruction so that
  students can succeed at these assessments.
• We know that our assessments and instruction are
  tied to the standards and that we are assessing
  learning outlined in the curriculum.
• This is typical practice in schools across the
  nation.

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Meet Miss Bonkers!

• Purposes
• To explore the purpose of assessing students
• To consider the effectiveness of teaching to the
  test
• To rediscover good teaching practices

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Discussion Questions

• What teaching strategies were they using in the
  Diffendoofer School?
• What makes Miss Bonkers teaching so effective?
• What is good teaching?
• What does teaching to the test mean?

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HOTS for Miss Bonkers

• Miss Bonkers rose. Dont fret! she said.
• Youve learned the things you need
• To pass that test and many more--
• Im certain youll succeed.
• Weve taught you that the earth is round,
• That red and white make pink,
• And something else that matters more--
• Weve taught you how to think.

Dr. Seuss, Hooray for Diffendoofer Day!
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Whats the Point?

• Should we teach to the test?
• Should we teach only to the test?

If state or local curricula overlap with
objectives of a standardized test, then teaching
to the test is inevitable and desired. F.W.
English, 1992
We need a rich, rigorous, and relevant curriculum
that teaches how to think.
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Implications

• We are charged with teaching the standards
  therefore, we teach to a standards-based
  (criterion-referenced) test.
• The strategies we use are up to us.
• There is danger in only teaching to the test.
• If we use good teaching strategies, test scores
  will come naturally.
• Its not just about the grade its about
  learning.

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Understanding By Design

• Advocates identifying assessments and then basing
  the instruction on the assessment (teaching to
  the test).
• Concept of Enduring Understandings Assessments
  must be rich in these.
• Formative Evaluations
• Thoughtful alignment among standards, assessments
  and strategies.

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Essential Questions

• Why do we grade student work?
• What are different purposes for assessment?
• Which assessment methods are most effective for
  various standards?
• What are best practices in assessment?
• What evidence do we need to evaluate classroom
  assessment practices?

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Essential Questions 3-7

• Why do we grade student work?
• What are different purposes for assessment?
• Which assessment methods are most effective for
  various standards?
• What are best practices in assessment?
• What evidence do we need to evaluate classroom
  assessment practices?

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Insights from Kohn

• Main reason we should grade to provide useful
  feedback to students.
• Letter grades alone do not provide useful
  feedback.
• Most focused on I or II. Should be on III (or II
  if not just for grade).
• Should focus our grading/feedback on answering
  question, What information can I provide to help
  the student learn and move closer to proficiency?

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Essential Questions 3-7

• Why do we grade student work?
• What are different purposes for assessment?
• Which assessment methods are most effective for
  various standards?
• What are best practices in assessment?
• What evidence do we need to evaluate classroom
  assessment practices?

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Multiple Purposes

• What are the purposes for assessment?
• How are they used?
• Who uses them?
• What can they do?

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How Are They Used?

• Progress of groups of students
• Effectiveness of instruction
• Quality of school processes
• Developmental level of individuals
• Diagnostic, formative, summative

• Instructional strategies
• Pace
• Remediation/ enrichment
• Differentiated instruction
• Staff development
• Standardization of practice across teachers

• Next lesson
• Next grade
• Standardized testing
• Lifelong learning

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Who Uses Them?
Adapted from SERVE/Bay District Schools,
Examining Grading and Reporting, 2000
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What Can They Do?
Diagnostic
Formative
Summative

• Identify starting or restarting points for
  instruction
• Formal or informal

• Monitor student learning toward standards
• Provide students with specific feedback

• Evaluate achievement of standards
• High stakes

Pretests Skills inventories
Research proposal Journal Literature
circles Independent reading conferences
Final exam Assessment portfolio Standardized CRT
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More on Assessment

• Jigsaw Activity with Black and Wiliam article and
  Stiggins article

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Formative Assessment Research Findings (Black
Wiliam)

• Strengthening formative assessments produces
  significant learning gains. This was true in
  studies of ages 5-21 and in multiple countries.
• Formative yields especially good results with low
  achievers
• Although formative has a much greater impact on
  learning than summative, almost all our political
  and financial capital goes to summative.

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Formative Assessment Research Findings (Black
William), cont.

• Feedback on tests, seatwork, and homework should
  give each pupil guidance on how to improve, and
  each pupil must be given help and an opportunity
  to work on the improvement
• Self-assessment is an essential
  componentstudents must be trained so they
  understand the main purposes of they are learning
  and thereby grasp what they need to do to achieve
• Using formative assessment is hard to learn
  teachers need training and support to learn

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Formative Assessment Research Findings, cont.
(Stiggins)

• Look for teachers who
• Set and communicate achievement targets in
  advance
• Transform targets into appropriate assessment
  exercises
• Use frequent, descriptive value-neutral
  feedback to build confidence
• Adjust instruction based on results
• Promote regular student self-assessment
• Actively involve students in communi-cating
  status with teachers and parents

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Main Purpose

• What is the main purpose that should drive
  classroom assessment?

To improve learning for all students
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Essential Questions 3-7

• Why do we grade student work?
• What are different purposes for assessment?
• Which assessment methods are most effective for
  various standards?
• What are best practices in assessment?
• What evidence do we need to evaluate classroom
  assessment practices?

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Assessment Methods
Selected Response Items
Constructed Responses
Products
Performances

• Multiple Choice
• True-False
• Matching
• Fill in the Blank

• Short answer
• Diagram
• Web
• Concept Map
• Flowchart
• Graph
• Table
• Matrix
• Illustra- tion

• Essay
• Research paper
• Journal
• Report
• Story/play
• Poem
• Portfolio
• Art exhibit
• Project
• Model
• Videotape
• Spread-sheet

• Oral pre-sentation
• Dance/ movement
• Demon-stration
• Athletic contest
• Dramatic reading
• Enactment
• Debate
• Recital

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Essential Questions 3-7

• Why do we grade student work?
• What are different purposes for assessment?
• Which assessment methods are most effective for
  various standards?
• What are best practices in assessment?
• What evidence do we need to evaluate classroom
  assessment practices?

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How Much Evidence is Enough?
Observation of Process
Triangulation Look for Trends Look for
Patterns Look for Redundancy
Talk Dialogue
Collection of Products
Based on Anne Daviss work
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Essential Question 2

• What is the role of the school leader in
  improving student achievement through exemplary
  practices in assessment and instruction?

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32 Word Summaries

• The role of an effective school leader that
  supports exemplary practices in assessment and
  instruction includes
• -hiring quality staff/retention
• -providing growth opportunities
• -providing resources
• -frequent feedback/formative assessment
• -removing instructional barriers.

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32 Word Summaries

• The role of the school leader is to provide an
  atmosphere where best practice in assessment and
  instruction is nurtured through coaching,
  planning, and reflection for the professional
  development of all teachers.
• Recipe

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16 Word Summaries

• An effective school leader provides service,
  help, mentoring, encouragement and continuous
  learning to improve student achievement.
• Effective school leaders continuously support
  staff by providing growth opportunities,
  resources, constructive assessment and minimize
  instructional barriers.
• The role of the school leader is to provide an
  atmosphere where best practice is nurtured.

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Some Supervision Strategies

• Data Analysis
• Curriculum Prioritization
• Cognitive Coaching
• Critical Friends Group/Tuning Protocol
• Standards in Practice (SIP) Process
• Action Research Groups
• Vertical Team Articulation
• 30-minute Meeting
• Japanese Lesson Study
• Guided Reflection Protocol
• 3 minute classroom walk through
• Clinical Supervision Model

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Clinical Supervision

• Supervision vs. evaluation
• Sometimes the same not ideal, but reality
• One on one/ face to face
• Definitions and quotes from various texts

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Nine characteristics

• Technology for improving instruction
• Deliberate intervention
• Goal-oriented
• Assumes a working relationship
• Requires mutual trust and respect
• Systematic
• Bridges gap between real and ideal
• Supervisor knows a lot about instruction and
  human interaction
• Requires training and practice

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At the Heart of It

• What do we do with the observation data?

98
Pre-Observation Conference

• Determine reason for and purpose of observation
• Determine focus
• Determine observation method
• Determine length and time of observation
• Set post-observation conference date and time

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Observation

• Global vs. specific approach you can decide
  which approach to use
• Methods verbatim recording, note taking, use of
  instruments, charting
• What approach will you use if the focus is
  classroom management? Higher order thinking
  skills? Global?

100
Post-Observation Conference

• Hunter 6 types
• Kyle 3 point outline
• Directive control vs. directive information

101
Leadership Quote 1

• After a decade of reform, we have finally learned
  in hindsight what should have been clear from the
  start Most schools and teachers cannot produce
  the kind of learning demanded by the new reforms
  not because they do not want to, but because
  they do not know how, and the systems in which
  they work do not support them in doing so.
• --Linda Darling-Hammond

102
Leadership Quotes 2 and 3

• The primary purpose of assessment should be to
  assist both educators and policymakers to improve
  instruction and advance student learning.
• --National Forum on Assessment
• What we assess signals what we value. How it is
  assessed signals how it should be taught.
• --Jay McTighe

103
Research on Teacher Preparation 1996-1999

• Performance areas where new teachers said they
  were most prepared. Ability to
• Establish a positive classroom learning
  environment.
• Communicate high expectations to students.
• Use different teaching strategies for different
  instructional purposes.
• Design instruction that is developmentally
  appropriate for students taught.
• Communicate knowledge and core concepts of
  content areas.

104
Research on Teacher Preparation 1996-1999

• Performance areas where new teachers said they
  were least prepared. Ability to
• Use a variety of assessments including
  portfolios, open-ended questions and performance
  events.
• Address student discipline problems.
• Design instruction for students of diverse ethnic
  and cultural backgrounds.
• Identify professional development options and
  plan a program for professional growth.
• Design instruction to achieve states learning
  goals and academic expectations.

105
Becoming a Leader

• Schools are organizations that benefit from
  having facilitative leaders.
• Facilitators create opportunities for others to
  lead.
• Teachers can become teacher leaders in both
  formal and informal roles.
• Leadership capacity is expanded by empowering
  teachers to be leaders.

106
Leadership Quote 4

• Testing programs should be redirected from
  over-reliance on multiple choice tests toward
  alternative forms of assessment. Carefully
  crafted assessment devices would ask students to
  supply answers, perform observable acts,
  demonstrate skills, create products, and supply
  portfolios of their work.
• --Gatekeeper to Gateway
• Transforming Testing in America

107
Leadership Quote 5

• In their study of effective curriculum leaders,
  Aronstein and DeBenedictis determined that such
  principals used behaviors that had a school-wide
  impact rather than a narrowly focused curriculum
  emphasis. They identified five enabling
  behaviors that made a school-wide difference a)
  facilitating communication, b) creating a
  positive open climate, c) building a vision with
  the staff, d) developing staff through
  involvement, and (e) being an effective and
  positive role model.
• --Allan A. Glatthorn,
• The Principal as Curriculum Leader

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Leadership Quote 6

• I have noted in the last decade more principals
  are complaining that deeper student understanding
  is often sacrificed in favor of preparation for
  tests measuring factual retention. Some say it
  is a case of the tail wagging the dog. Testing
  that should be a means to improve the ability of
  the students to think and understand instead
  becomes an obstacle to this end. Yet is may not
  be easy to get teachers to give up their practice
  of teaching for the tests.
• --Jack McCall, The Principal As Steward

109
Leadership Quote 7

• We take the students who most depend on their
  teachers for subject-matter learning and assign
  them teachers with the weakest academic
  foundations. A decade ago, we might have said
  that we didnt know how much this mattered. We
  believed that what students learned was largely a
  factor of their family income or parental
  education, not of what schools did. But recent
  research has turned these assumptions upside
  down. What schools do matters enormously. And
  what matters most is good teaching.
• --Kati Haycock, Closing the Achievement Gap

110
Essential Question 2

• What is the role of the school leader in
  improving student achievement through exemplary
  practices in assessment and instruction?

111
For Next Class

• Bring your clinical supervision project to turn
  in.
• Read article on clinical supervision
• Bring test scores from one grade level/one
  class/one subject.