ChemistrySemester 2

1
ChemistrySemester 2

• The Plight of Onondaga Lake
• Dun, Dunnn, Dunnnnnnn

Everyone take a seat and get ready for the NEW
SEMESTER!
2
Blog Assignments

• Each Sunday, Holt will post 2 questions about the
  topics being covered in class.
• You will have until Wednesday at 1200 midnight
  to respond to them.
• Some of the questions will be based on a
  calculation, some will be based on some
  conceptual understanding and some will be based
  on your opinion.
• But you must base your opinion on some fact and
  list it.
• Generally, I question will be a calculation-type
  question and the other will be one of opinion,
  based on research. Example of this might be
• Holt Post Do you think that acid rain is a
  problem in the U.S.?
• Student Post No, I think that acid rain is a
  myth brought out by the media to scare us.

3
Blog Assignments

• If this was your post, you would receive very
  little credit (if any).
• I am not interested in your opinion, unless you
  back it up with something.
• Now, some questions I post for you might be of a
  topic of which you have no opinion.
• The reason you have no opinion, is because you
  know little to nothing about that topic.

4
Blog Assignments

• So, what I want you to do is do a little research
  on the topic, get both sides of an argument and
  give me your opinion after you have reviewed the
  topic.
• This is why I am giving you Sunday, Monday,
  Tuesday and most of Wednesday to respond.
• Then you will have until Saturday at midnight to
  read a few of your classmates responses and
  comment back to them.
• You may agree or disagree but again you need to
  support your position with fact or your opinion
  based on documented fact.
• You will not need to respond to the
  calculation-type questions.

5
Blog Assignments

• Gradingthis weekly assignment will constitute
  your journal part of your portfolio and ½ of your
  HW grade for a total of 15 of your total grade.
• Below is the rubric for this grading
• Respond to Post on Time 10 pts
• Answer to calculation problem is correct 10pts
• Opinion response is documented with
• class notes or website 10pts
• Response to classmate is coherent
• and documented 10 pts
• Response is free of grammatical errors 10 pts
• There is no partial credit for any of the
  categories listed above. So, 1 misspelled word
  earns you a 40/50 at best.

6
Blog Assignments

• You may continue to do the normal journals for 2
  EXTRA CREDIT added to your score at the end of
  the semester.
• However, you may not miss a day and they must be
  written perfectly. There is no partial credit for
  extra credit.

7
Labs

• We will run our labs like a professional lab.
• I will be the lab supervisor and you all will
  be the employees.
• Think of your grades as your paycheck. Each
  member of the group starts with 10 points for the
  lab write up (book) and 10 points for laboratory
  technician behavior.
• Each infraction below results in losing 1 point
  for lab technician behavior. The lab book will be
  graded as followspre-lab questions (2),
  introduction (2), materials and methods (2), data
  recording/graphs/tables (2) conclusion including
  post lab questions (2).
• If you do not bring your lab book to class or you
  do not have the introduction written or you are
  not using the lab book throughout the lab, you
  will lose the points associated with the
  mistake2 points if there is no intro, 2 points
  if you are not writing down the procedures as we
  go and 2 points if you are not writing data as we
  go.

8
Labs

• Each group (department) will be led by a team
  leader who will be in charge of the rest of the
  group.
•  Your job will be to keep your team in line,
  assign tasks and come to the supervisor (me) when
  needed.
• If team members are not working or straying to
  other groups or being loudyou and your team will
  all lose points.
• Your team may not come and talk to me and they
  may not ask me questions.
• It is your job to make sure that your entire team
  understands the lab and what we are trying to
  accomplish in the lab.
• I will come around and ask your team and you
  questions about the lab.
• If a team member that I choose cannot answer the
  question, your team will be penalized.
• It is also the team leaders responsibility to
  explain the lab to the entire class when picked
  to do so.
• The tasks being assigned by the team leader will
  be gathering equipment, gathering chemicals,
  labeler, experimenting, collecting data,
  interpreting lab and explaining steps to group
  and cleaning up. 

9
Labs

• The equipment gatherer must get the needed
  beakers, thermometers, hot plates, etc as needed
  and put them back in their places after they are
  cleaned.
• If equipment is left at your station or put away
  dirty the leader and equipment person will lose
  points.
• The chemical gatherer must get the necessary
  chemicals used in the lab.
• They must not take the chemicals from the prep
  table back to your table.
• If any chemicals leave the lab table, your team
  will lose points. (The leader and the chemical
  person.)
• The labelers job is to make certain that all
  chemicals are labeled at your station.
• If the supervisor comes to your lab station and
  there are any beakers, test tubes, etc ,that have
  chemicals (including water) and they are not
  labeled, you will lose points. (The leader and
  the labeler.)
• The experimenter is the person that carries out
  the experiment.
• I would suggest that everyone be involved in this
  even though one person is truly responsible for
  this.
• However, if the experiment is not going as
  planned or there are mistakes, broken glassware,
  spills, etc, the leader and experimenter lose
  points.

10
Labs

• Along with the experimenter there will be a main
  data collector.
• Each person should be collecting data in their
  own books, but if I come around, I will mainly
  look for the main data collection book or paper
  and check it.
• The chosen data collector must produce this from
  their book or paper in their handwriting or the
  leader and data collector loses points.
• There is also a person that is in charge of
  explaining the steps of the lab and interpreting
  the data throughout the experiment.
• This person should know what is going on before
  it happens and be able to explain what the
  results mean.
• They are responsible for making sure that each
  member totally understands what is expected and
  what is meant in each step.
• If I come by and ask anyone in the group what is
  going on or what just happened or what was
  supposed to happen and they are unable to do it,
  that person the leader and the explainer all lose
  points.

11
Labs

• The clean up person is in charge of clean up.
• The chemical person is to dispose of the
  chemicals and the equipment person takes care of
  the equipment, but the clean up person makes sure
  that the table and sink are in perfect condition
  before the group goes back in to the room.
• Failure to do so costs each person in the group
  points.
• You will notice that there are 7 jobs not
  including the leader of the group.
• The leader may pick one of the 7 jobs to do along
  with their leadership duties, however, no more.
• The leader is really in charge of all the jobs
  being carried out.
• But they are there to make sure that everything
  is being done by all, not doing it all
  themselves.
• I will be watching closely to make sure that the
  leader isnt hogging the jobs and that the
  workers are working hard so that the leader needs
  to pick up the slack to save them.
• Everyone must work as a team doing their own
  jobs. A group cannot do all the jobs
  togethersomeone must be in charge of each task.
• Also there must be a sheet taped to your stations
  with the names of the group and jobs for each. If
  there is not a sheet taped to each station, then
  the entire team loses points.

12
Labs

• At the end of the lab, each member of the group
  is to comment on how the behavior and work ethic
  of each member enhanced the productivity of the
  lab.
• Were your group members
• helpful or not,
• did they take care of their responsibilities,
• were they actively involved in the experiment and
  
• either answering questions or asking questions
  for clarification.
• You are looking to come up with at least 2
  positive things each group member did and 1 thing
  they need to improve upon next time.
• These are strictly confidential and will only be
  seen by me.
• You will receive a copy of these comments when
  you turn in your completed lab write up.

13
Environmental Chemistry

• One of the hottest topics in todays world is
  environmental chemistry.
• Topics considering pollution, recycling, ozone
  layer depletion, alternative fuels and global
  warming are all around usnewspapers, magazines,
  CNN, and regular cable TV discuss the
  possibilities of these environmental factors.

14
Environmental Chemistry

• What does the Bible state about our stewardship
  toward the environment? Are we following Gods
  plan?
• I am not going to tell you what to think about
  todays environmental issuesenough people do
  that.
• But I am going to ask you to think.
• I want you to have your own opinions about this
  before the end of the school year.

15
Environmental Chemistry

• I have spoken to many educated people about
  Global Warming and the Environment and their
  responses range from
• I dont care cuz I cant change it to
• There is no problem, its all a scam to
• There is a problem, but I dont know how to fix
  it to
• There is a huge problem and if we dont fix it,
  the Earth is toast.
• But most of them have no background evidence to
  support their thoughts or
• They only look at one side of the argument.

16
Environmental Chemistry

• However, they act as though they know so much
  about the topic because they spout off the most.
• This is annoying to me and
• You are going to be different.
• I dont care what your position is as long as you
  can back up your thoughts and you have looked at
  arguments for and against your initial beliefs.
• It is probably best to have no pre-conceived
  ideas at this point although that is going to be
  difficult.

17
Environmental Chemistry

• We are going to use documented environmental
  issues to learn chemistry for the rest of the
  year and shape our belief system of the
  environment of which we live..

18
Are There Problems at Onondaga Lake?
We are going to take a deeper look at solution
chemistry through a case study of Onondaga Lake
in Syracuse, NY.
Get Sheets over by the windowits a Graph and
the Solvay Process! Whoo-Hoo
HW Look up and define the characteristics of an
unsaturated, saturated and super-saturated
solution.
19
Onondaga Lake

• In 1847, the mayor of a middle-sized city in a
  developing country shared his vision for the lake
  adjoining his municipality. Read what he had to
  say about his nice, little town
• Our beautiful lake will present continuous villas
  ornamented with shady groves and hanging gardens
  and connected by a wide and splendid avenue that
  shall encircle its entire waters and furnish a
  delightful drive for the happy and prosperous
  citizens of the town who will, towards the end of
  each summers day, rush to it for pleasure,
  relaxation or improvement of health.
• --Harvey Baldwin

20
Onondaga Lake

• This indeed was the scene in Syracuse, NY on the
  banks of Lake Onondaga. The area prospered as a
  number of 5 Star hotel resorts dotted the
  shoreline, the citizens of the area rushed to it
  for play, and a thriving fishing industry sprang
  up.
• But in 1920, the fishing industry and resorts
  were gone. The fish taken out of this lake are no
  longer allowed to be eaten. You are not allowed
  to swim in the cloudy waters. The city of
  Syracuse does not draw its water from this lake
  for human usage.
• Lake Onondaga is now called one of the worlds
  most polluted lakes and the most polluted lake in
  the country.

21
Onondaga Lake

• At first glance this may seem like a problem only
  to the residents near the lake in Syracuse, but
  it is not.
• This is an account of a typical risk/benefit
  dilemma that many other societies faced in the
  past are now facing or will face in the future.
• Initially technology brought new opportunities
  and new prosperity to the shores of Lake
  Onondaga, but environmental deterioration began
  to negate those advantagesit is an account of
  industrialization on a developing society.
• What went wrong?

22
Onondaga Lake

• This story of salt, soda and Syracuse is on of
  industrial development, environmental impact and
  technologys response.
• It begins with a look at the rich natural
  resource of the brine springs that made Syracuse
  an ideal location for chemical manufacturing.
• There was an increasing need for sodium carbonate
  (soda ash) that was plentiful in this area.
• With this great natural resource a chemical
  procedure called the Solvay Process was used to
  extract this compound.

23
Onondaga Lake

• This process was revolutionary for its time and
  was considered to be environmentally responsible.
• However, over the years of using this process, a
  great amount of unused by-products began to wash
  into the lake and contribute to its
  contamination.
• Along with the Solvay process, the chlor-alkali
  process, developed to produce chlorine and sodium
  hydroxide, released large quantities of toxic
  mercury to the already troubled waters.
• These two processes along with an old way of
  wastewater treatment system, caused the lake to
  end up in the poor shape that it is today.

24
Onondaga Lake

• Onondaga Lake is about 4.5 miles long and 1 mile
  wide. Muskegon Lake is 5.5 miles long and 2.2
  miles wide.
• It has an average depth of about 35 feet. It
  drains into the Seneca River which empties into
  Lake Ontario.
• The relatively small size misrepresents its
  importance.
• It provides a textbook case of the impact of
  industrial processes on the environment and
  society.
• The Native Americans were the first to discover
  the springs of brine (concentrated solutions of
  sodium chloride) that are common in this area.

25
Onondaga Lake

• By around 1800, almost all of the salt used in
  the U.S. came from this area.
• Two methods were used to produce salt along the
  shores of the lake.
• The brine was boiled down in large iron kettles
  heated by wood fires.
• As the water evaporated, the solution became more
  concentrated.

26
Onondaga Lake

• At the saturation point, the crystals began to
  form on the surface of the liquid and on the
  sides of the containers.
• The salt was removed with large wooden scoops and
  placed in baskets to dry.
• However, as the forests were cleared for farmland
  and burned for fuel, the cost of this method
  became too expensive.

27
Onondaga Lake

• Then they moved to a solar process where the sun
  evaporated the brine to reveal the salt crystals.
• However, salt mines were discovered in the west
  and in other more sunny areas of which took over
  the salt yards and by 1926, the last of the
  Onondaga salt yards closed.
• However, before the salt mines had closed a
  process was discovered whereby sodium carbonate
  was made from sodium chloride.
• Sodium carbonate is used in the manufacturing of
  soap, paper, water softeners and glass.

28
Onondaga Lake

• Even today sodium carbonate ranks 11th among
  industrial chemicals produced.
• As a water softener, the carbonate ion (CO32-)
  reacts with calcium and magnesium ions in a
  double replacement reaction whereby insoluble
  CaCO3 and MgCO3 are formed and settle to the
  bottom of the tank.
• In the very early days sodium carbonate was
  produced by extracting the ashes of seaweeds.

29
Onondaga Lake

• This was a tedious process and the demand for
  this product was much greater than what could be
  produced. Entertechnology.
• In 1865 Albert and Ernest Solvay came up with a
  way to manufacture sodium carbonate from sodium
  chloride.
• The Solvay Process starts with two of the
  cheapest and most abundant chemicals in the
  Earths crust NaCl and CaCO3.
• The overall reaction is
• 2NaCl CaCO3 ? Na2CO3 CaCl2

30
Onondaga Lake

• The starting materials for the Solvay Process
  were available in abundance near Syracuse.
• For this reason it is not hard to understand why
  in 1884, the Solvay Process Company began making
  sodium carbonate along the Onondaga.
• In fact, from 1960 to 1985, 2000-2800 tons of
  Na2CO3 were produced daily by Allied Chemical
  Company, the successor to the Solvay Process
  Company.
• This booming industry gave the residents jobs,
  great public schools with extensive athletic,
  music, art and other extracurricular
  activitieseven dental care was free for
  students.

31
Onondaga Lake

• However, with time, it became obvious that the
  Solvay Process was also contributing some less
  desirable by-products to the town and to Lake
  Onondaga.
• One key point is that the reaction above does not
  occur directly.
• If you mix NaCl, CaCO3 and water, the NaCl would
  dissolve and the CaCO3 would not.
• No reaction would take place and no sodium
  carbonate would be formed.
• A series of reactions with a variety of
  by-products would need to be made to get to the
  end product.

32
Onondaga Lake

• Some of those by-products are NH3, NH4Cl, CaO,
  Ca(OH)2, CO2 and NaHCO3.
• A particularly crucial step involves four of
  these compounds.
• It is the reaction that occurs when CO2 and NH3
  are bubbled through a salt solution at 0C.
• NH3(g) CO2(g) NaCl(aq) H2O(l)? NaHCO3(s)
  NH4Cl(aq)
• In this equation we see that sodium bicarbonate
  is produced as a solid and ammonium chloride is
  produced dissolved in solution.

33
Onondaga Lake

• Both of these chemicals form in the water
  solution, but under these cool conditions the
  solubility of the NaHCO3 is less than that of the
  NH4Cl.
• The solubility curve of these two compounds show
  this phenomenon.
• The line for each shows the amount of compound
  that will dissolve per 100mL of water solution.

34
Onondaga Lake

• You can see that at all temperatures the ammonium
  chloride will dissolve more solid than sodium
  bicarbonate.
• So at 0C the solubility of NH4Cl is about
  30g / 100mL whereas the solubility of sodium
  bicarbonate is only 7.0g / 100mL.
• This means that the sodium bicarbonate
  crystallizes, separating as a solid, while the
  ammonium chloride remains behind in solution.

35
Onondaga Lake

• To illustrate this process of fractional
  crystallization, suppose we start with 100mL of a
  solution containing 12.0g of NaHCO3 and 24.0g of
  NH4Cl at 50C.
• The solution is cooled to 0C.
• Only about 7.0g of NaHCO3 will stay in solution
  whereas all the NH4Cl will be in solution. So,
  the only compound precipitating out will be the
  NaHCO3.

36
Onondaga Lake

• So, the amount of NaHCO3 that crystallizes out
  will be 5.0g.
• The percentage that remains in solution is
  7.0/12.0 or 58 and the amount that precipitates
  out is 5.0/12.0 or 42.
• The solid sodium bicarbonate is filtered out and
  then this solid is converted to the desired
  Na2CO3 by heating it to about 300C
• NaHCO3 heat ? Na2CO3 CO2 H2O

37
Time to Put this Solvay process together

• Sit down and get out your notes and your
  solubility curves and your Solvay Process summary
  sheets
• We need to start right away so that we can get
  through everything to be ready for our Lab on
  Friday
• Write your name on a small piece of paper and
  give it to me

38
Your Turn

• Suppose that 100mL of a solution containing 40.0g
  NH4Cl and 10.0g NaHCO3 at 40C is cooled to 0C.
  Calculate the masses of each compound that would
  crystallize and the masses of the two compounds
  remaining in the solution. Would this be a good
  method for obtaining pure NaHCO3?

39
The Solvay Process Summary

• We want this reaction (we want sodium carbonate)
• NaCl CaCO3 ? Na2CO3 CaCl2
• But the Solvay process had to get around the
  insolubility of calcium carbonate.
• step (1) calcium carbonate (limestone) is heated
• CaCO3 heat ? CaO CO2
• step (2) ammonia, CO2 from step 1, salt and water
  react
• NH3 CO2 NaCl H2O ? NaHCO3 NH4Cl
• Step (3) sodium bicarbonate is heated
• 2 NaHCO3 heat ? Na2CO3 H2O CO2
• step (4) the ammonium chloride and calcium oxide
  react
• 2 NH4Cl CaO ? 2 NH3 H2O CaCl2

Not re-used
40
Your Turn

• If in this step, 34.5g of NaCl was used in excess
  NH3, CO2 and H2O, how much solid NaHCO3 and solid
  NH4Cl would be produced?
• How much Na2CO3 would be produced from the
  previous amount in step 3?

41
Today in Chem

• Sit at your desk and quickly contemplate the life
  of a ground hog. This should only take about
  5-10sec.
• Next, get out your solubility curve, Solvay
  Summary sheet and your notes.
• Take out a sheet of papernot part of your notes
  and get ready for a quiz
• I want to show you a video of a cool Friday Fire
  experiment I would like to try tomorrow because
  lab went so well on Friday
• If you bring in suppliesyou can play with the
  fire.
• If not, you can just watch.

42
Surprise Quiz (no talkingyou have 8 minutes to
turn this in)

• Lets say that you were working for the Solvay
  company and Big Man Solvay wanted to test your
  understanding of his system.
• He looks you square in the face and says, OK
  Mr./Ms. Smarty Pants. If I used 30.0g of pure
  sodium chloride, how much sodium bicarbonate
  could I make? At what temperature would I need to
  carry this out to get pure SB and how much pure
  SB would I make? How much sodium carbonate could
  I make in step 4 from this amount of sodium
  chloride?

43
Review Questions from Some HW

• ___ ___________ solution is one in which more
  solute could still be added.
• ___ ___________ solution is one in which no more
  solute could be added at this temperature and
  dissolve.
• ___ ___________ solution is on in which more
  solute was forced into the solution by adding
  heat and then slowly cooling it down so that the
  solute stays in the solution.
• If the solution is cooled rapidly, or it is
  disturbed, the solute will come out.

44
Back to Notes on Onondaga Lake

• From what we have stated thus far, it would seem
  that the Solvay Process would be an ideal example
  of enlightened chemical manufacturing.
• Two cheap and plentiful naturally occurring
  substancessalt and limestoneare converted into
  two useful productssodium carbonate and calcium
  chloride.
• However, CaCl2 is not in as demand as Na2CO3.

45
Onondaga Lake

• CaCl2 is used in concrete mixtures, to melt snow
  and ice and in certain solar heating units to
  name a few.
• But over the years the sales of calcium chloride
  from the Onondaga plant did not keep pace with
  the sales of sodium carbonate.
• The excess calcium chloride was allowed by state
  and federal regulations to be dumped in solution
  into a tributary of the Onondaga Lake.

46
Onondaga Lake

• Also large amounts of unmarketable salts were
  dumped into solitary marshes along the coastline
  of Onondaga Lakeup to 500 tons every day.
• It was mostly CaCl2 but also some un-reacted NaCl
  and CaSO4.
• However, calcium, sodium and chloride ions
  leached from the marshes by rainwater into the
  lake.

47
Onondaga Lake

• In 1943 a barrier holding back a waste bed
  measuring 70 feet high and covering 400 acres of
  area broke and released a flood that buried over
  20 houses.
• Most of the substances in the waste beds are
  ionic compounds.
• Their water solubility is very important to the
  composition of Onondaga Lake.
• Some salts including NaCl and CaCl2 are water
  solubleothers such as CaCO3 are not.

48
Onondaga Lake

• The following solubility rules will help us
  understand which ionic solids are generally
  soluble in water and which ones are insoluble in
  water. 
• Salts containing Group 1 metals and the ammonium
  ion are soluble in water.
• Salts containing nitrates and acetates are
  soluble in water.

49
Onondaga Lake

• Salts containing halogens (except F) are soluble
  in water unless they are combined with Ag, Hg or
  Pb.
• Salts containing sulfates are soluble in water
  unless they are combined with Ag, Hg, Pb, Sr, or
  Ba.
• Salts containing sulfides, oxides, phosphates,
  carbonates and hydroxides are insoluble unless
  with Group 1 metals and NH4.

50
Your Turn

• Using the solubility rules, determine if the
  following salts are soluble
• Magnesium hydroxide
• Barium sulfate
• Lithium carbonate
• Strontium nitrate

51
Onondaga Lake

• Solubility rules also help us predict the
  reactions that occur when solutions containing
  certain ions are mixed.
• This information, in turn, helps us understand
  the chemistry of Lake Onondaga.
• For example, over the years large amounts of
  water soluble NaCl and CaCl2 made their way into
  the lake.
• Also large amounts of CO32- are found in the lake.

52
Onondaga Lake

• When Ca2 ions enter the lake and combine with
  CO32- ions, insoluble CaCO3 is formed in the
  lake.
• Ca2(aq) CO32-(aq) ? CaCO3(s) is a net ionic
  equation. NIE only show the ions that combine to
  make a reaction.
• Other ions are present in the solution but stay
  as ions. They are called spectator ions because
  they are not participating in the reaction.
• The deposition of CaCO3 in the lake has increased
  the sedimentation rate of the lake and a large
  CaCO3 delta exists where Ninemile Creek flows
  into the lake.
• In short, Lake Onondaga is a saturated solution
  of CaCO3. HW What is a delta? Are deltas harmful?

53
Life in Chem for Today

• Lab Talk
• Tough Quiz
• EZPZ Notes of Net Ionic Equations
• Work on HW (NIE) or Make Some Fireballs (if you
  have materialyou can make some, if not, do your
  HW and see fire near the end of class)

54
Lab Talk

• Lab write ups are due on Thursdayalong with peer
  review.
• You need Intro, Mat/Methods, Data Table,
  Conclusion.
• Remember, in the conclusion you will need
• to summarize the key parts of the experiment
• to decide whether your experiment has supported
  your hypothesis or not. So, restate your
  hypothesis and state how it has or has not
  supported it with data
• Use the post-lab questions throughout the lab to
  further explain your understanding of the lab
• Explain if you believe any errors were made, and
  how they could be avoided in future labswhat was
  difficult that you think others might need to
  watch for when they try your lab?

55
Tough Quiz

• It is your goal as a scientist to make the most
  amount of Na2CO3 as possible from the Solvay
  Process.
• Each day you obtain 100kg of NaCl free of charge.
• You buy ammonia for 12 cents per gram from a
  local manufacturer and you have free water and
  free CO2, as well.
• You are able to sell your sodium carbonate for 13
  cents / gram.
• If the process takes 4 hours to complete for 50
  workers making 25 per hour each, plus 800 per
  hour operating costs. How much money can you make
  in an 8 hr work day?
• Holy Baloney, Mr. Holt! How do I start this?
• Hint How much NaHCO3 and NH4Cl can be made?
• Hint How much NH3 is needed?
• Hint This all takes place in a 350L tank. How
  much NaHCO3 dissolves in that much water at 0ºC?
• You do the rest

56
Chem Today

• The (wo)man who knows how, will always have a
  job. The (wo)man who knows why, will be the first
  (wo)mans boss.
• Yah, baby, ponder that!
• Talk about yesterdays BEAST problem.
• Talk about Question 1 blog thoughts.
• Notes on Net Ionic Equations
• HW on Net Ionic Equations

57
Beast Problem Revealed

• The amount of NaHCO3 produced is roughly
  144,000g.
• The amount of NH3 used is roughly 29,000g.
• Solubility of SBC at 0ºC is 7g / 100mL.
• We have 350L or 350,000mL so FL or prop gives us
• 24,500g of SBC that will dissolve.
• 144,000g produced 24,500g still in soln
  119,500g solid
• 119,500g SBC produces roughly 75,000g Na2CO3 that
  we sell.
• We sell 75,000g of SC at 13 cents / g or 9750.
• We bought 29,000g NH3 at 12 cents / g for 3480.
• 50 workers at 25 / hr for 4 hours (1 batch)
  5000.
• 4 hours of operating cost at 800 / hr 3200.
• Total cost 11680 for 1 batch (4 hour period)
• Total brought in for sales of SC 9750
• Net -1930 per 4 hour batch or -3860 per 8
  hour day.

58
Your blog answers

• Here is your typical employee stats scaled down
  to a salary of 100
• Home mortgage 30
• Car payments 15
• Utilities 5
• Food 15
• Gas and Misc. expenses 20
• Credit Cards 15
• Total expenses 100, subtracted from their take
  home pay leaves 0 for savings.
• Is this what you tell them... Too bad, so sad,
  you got into this mess, so it is your fault.

59
Your blog answers

• If you cut their salary by 30-40, what would
  happen to them?
• Ask your parents how your lives would change if
  their employer told them they were going to cut
  their salary by 30-40?
• Typical (not all) people live just above their
  wageseven owners of businesses.
• If you get a raiseyou buy a bigger house, car,
  coat, cabin, etc.
• For those of you that answered that you would
  take a pay cut as the big bosscould you, if you
  lived just above your means?

60
Net Ionic Equations

• Not in the notes
• Writing net ionic equations.
• Write a balanced chemical equation as normal.
• Look at each compound to determine if it breaks
  up in solution (soluble) or remains as a solid in
  water.
• Use solubility rules for ionic compounds.
• Liquids and gases do not break up in solution.
  (These will be molecular compounds).
• Break up strong acids
• HCl, HBr and HI are strong (know them).
• Acids with 2 or more oxygen than hydrogen are
  strong.
• HNO3?
• H2SO4?
• HClO2?

61
NIE

• Soluble or not?
• NaBr
• Write as broken up ions
• Na Br-
• What about CaCl2?
• Ca2 2Cl-
• How about HNO3?
• H NO3-
• And finally, AgBr?
• It is insoluble so leave it aloneAgBr

62
NIE

• Write the net ionic equation for silver nitrate
  solution reacting with copper (II) chloride
  solution.
• AgNO3 CuCl2 ?
• DR
• AgNO3 CuCl2 ? Cu(NO3)2 AgCl
• Balance
• 2AgNO3 CuCl2 ? Cu(NO3)2 2AgCl
• AgNO3 is soluble
• 2Ag 2NO3- CuCl2 ? Cu(NO3)2 2AgCl
• CuCl2 is soluble
• 2Ag 2NO3- Cu2 2Cl- ? Cu(NO3)2 2AgCl
• Cu(NO3)2 is soluble
• 2Ag 2NO3- Cu2 2Cl- ? Cu2 2NO3- 2AgCl

63
NIE

• AgCl is insoluble
• 2Ag 2NO3- Cu2 2Cl- ? Cu2 2NO3- 2AgCl
• Cross out spectator ionsthe ions that stay the
  same on both sides of the equation.
• Write the ions and compounds that remain
• 2Ag 2Cl- ? 2AgCl
• Reduce coefficients if possible.
• Ag Cl- ? AgCl
• Write in states.
• Ag(aq) Cl- (aq)? AgCl(s)

Yay! The net ionic equation
64
Today in Chem

• Go over a bit of the HW.
• Quiz collected for HW grade (you be the
  engineer?).
• No giving up on the quizyou can pout or get mad
  at me, but you cannot quit!

65
Quiz for HW

• If a solution of lead (II) nitrate was mixed with
  a solution of potassium iodide, what would the
  net ionic equation look like?

Pb(NO3)2 2KI ? PbI2 2KNO3
I-
Pb2

?
NO3-
NO3-
K
Pb2
NO3-
I-
I-
K
K
K
NO3-
I-
PbI2
Pb(NO3)2
KI
K and I-
Pb2 and 2NO3-
66
Quiz for HW

• Question 2 is a bit tougher
• Think about the Solvay Process and all the steps
  that must occur to produce and recover and re-use
  materials.
• It is your job to come up with a sketch for a
  Solvay Plant that will produce Na2CO3.
• Explain each step of the process

What else reacts in this tank? Where does it come
from? What is made in this tank? Where does it
go? What else is being made at other points in
this process? What are the temperatures of the
tanks?
NaCl in water
NH3 bubbled in ?
NH3 gas tank
67
Today in the Life of an Honors Chemistry Student

• Take a graded quiz
• Notes on Concentration
• Next Lab Handout

68
Quiz

• magnesium sulfide nitric acid? 
• chromium (III) nitrate     barium metal    ?  
• potassium phosphate aluminum nitrate   ?

69
Concentration

• Qualitatively, the concentration of a solution
  can be said to be strong or weak.
• However, chemists want to be a bit more accurate
  in their descriptionso they use a quantitative
  measurement.
• In general concentrations are measured as the
  amount of solute dissolved in a certain amount of
  solvent.
• You already know about molarity.
• Molarity is the moles of a solute in a liter of
  solution.

70
Concentration

• If you added 5.0g of sodium bicarbonate to a
  100.0mL solution what would the molarity of that
  solution be?

71
Mole Fraction (X)

• Mole fraction (actually written as a decimal) is
  the moles of solute (or solvent) / total number
  of moles in the solution.
• If you mixed 2.0 moles of NaCl in 7.0 moles of
  water, the mole fraction of solution that is NaCl
  is
• 2.0 moles NaCl / 9.0 moles all 0.22 NaCl
• You can also say that the mole fraction that is
  water is 0.78.

72
Mole Fraction

• If you added 5.0g of sodium bicarbonate to a
  100.0mL of water, what would the mole fraction of
  NaHCO3 of that solution be? (Density of water is
  1.0 g/mL)

73
Riddle

• Hello. I am about 8.5 wide and 11 long. I am
  white with a lot of black dots on me. I am
  sitting with my twin brothers and sisters next to
  the overhead projector. Please pick me up, take
  me home, read me and do as I say. Bring back your
  responses tomorrow for the really cool guy in the
  front to see. What am I?
• Hello. There are 3 parts to me. One is very EZ,
  the second is a little tougher and the 3rd part
  of me is quite a thinker. I am very good for you,
  although you dont like me most of the time. You
  will need a sheet of paper, a calculator, your
  periodic table and notes to fully understand me.
  Get ready for me. What am I?

74
Todays Quiz (2 EZs ? and a Thinker?)

• Write a net ionic equation for a solution of
  aqueous cobalt (II) chloride reacting with sodium
  hydroxide
• What mass of solid AgBr is produced when 100.0mL
  of 0.150M AgNO3 is added to 20.0mL of 1.00M NaBr?
• A nearby lake may be polluted with Pb2 ions. How
  might you test the concentration of lead (II)
  ions in this lake?

75
The Lab

• The goal of the lab was to create a solubility
  curve for KNO3.
• The point at which you noticed crystals is called
  the saturation temperature.
• This is the temperature at which no more solute
  (KNO3) can stay in solution.
• You found 6 saturation temperatures that you must
  put on to an Excel chart.
• The x-axis is temperature (ºC) and the y-axis is
  the amount of KNO3 in g that can dissolve in 100g
  of water.

76
The Lab

• Example if your data showed the crystals began
  to form at 67ºC for the test tube with 1.8g of
  KNO3 in 2.5g of water, how much KNO3 could
  dissolve in 100g of water?
• Answer 72g
• So, on your chart at the 67ºC mark you would
  create a point at 72g.
• Do this 5 more times and draw the curve for your
  chart.
• Get the real curve from a source on-line and
  paste both in your lab bookscall one Figure 1
  and the other Figure 2.

77
Todays Agenda

• Quiz (1Q over net ionic equations)
• Notes on concentration
• Lab books due Thursday
• Mid Chapter Quest on Friday (Onondaga, Solvay,
  Net Ionic Equations, Concentrations, Solution
  Stoich and Solution preparations / dilutions)
• Then next week, Friday, we will have another end
  of Chapter Questthese 2 quests will be averaged
  into one quest.
• If God exists, does it matter if I believe it?
• If God doesnt exist, does it matter how much I
  believe that He does?

78
Todays Quiz

• Write a net ionic equation for a solution of
  aqueous iron (III) chloride added to an aqueous
  solution of sodium sulfide.

79
Review Mole Fraction

• If you added 15.0g of sodium chloride to a
  100.0mL of water, what would the mole fraction of
  NaCl of that solution be? (Density of water is
  1.0 g/mL)
• moles of NaCl 0.256 mol
• moles of H2O 5.56 mol
• mole NaCl / total moles X
• 0.256 / 5.816 0.044 XNaCl

80
Concentration

• If you want to know the concentration as a
  percent by mass you need a couple of things.
• The first is what mass of solute you have and the
  other is the mass of water you have.
• by mass (mass solute / mass solution) x 100
• So, if you added 3.5g of NaCl to 96.5g of water
  you have a solution that is 3.5 NaCl by mass.
• This means that of the total mass of the
  solution, 3.5 of it is NaCl.

81
Concentration

• If you added 5.0g of sodium bicarbonate to a
  100.0mL of water, what would the percent by mass
  of NaHCO3 of that solution be?

82
Molality (m)

• Molality (m) is another measurement for
  concentration.
• It is similar to molarity (M).
• Molarity is moles solute / L solution
• Molality is moles solute / kg solvent
• So, if we have 0.30 moles of CaCl2 in 500.0g of
  water, we have a concentration that is
• 0.30 mole / 0.500kg or 0.60m

83
Concentration

• If you added 5.0g of sodium bicarbonate to a
  100.0mL of water, what would the molality of that
  solution be?

84
Parts per million (ppm)

• Often when the concentration of a solution is
  very small, the previous methods do not look as
  nice.
• So, in these cases ppm or ppb are used.
• Parts per million (ppm) tell you how many parts
  are present in a million total parts.
• Percent by mass is really pph (parts per
  hundred).
• If the was 3.5, that means that there are 3.5
  parts per 100 total parts.
• You may use particles, ions, molecules, moles or
  grams to figure ppm or ppb.

85
Parts per million (ppm)

• If you added 5.0g of sodium bicarbonate to a
  100.0mL of water, what is the concentration of
  NaHCO3 in ppm?
• We have 5.0g per 105 total grams or 4.8 or
  4.8pph.
• Set up a proportions of 4.8 / 100 x / 1,000,000
• Solve for x to get
• 48,000 ppm

86
Parts per million (ppm)

• If you added 0.0025g of sodium bicarbonate to a
  100.0mL of water, what is the concentration of
  NaHCO3 in ppm?

87
Diluting a Solution

• Sometimes you have a solution already made that
  is too concentrated to use for an experiment.
• How is a solution diluted?
• The equation used to determine how to prepare a
  solution by dilution is
• c1V1 c2V2
• c1 concentration of the more concentrated
  solution
• V1 volume used of the more concentrated
  solution
• c2 concentration of the solution you want to
  make
• V2 volume of the solution you want to make

88
Diluting a Solution

• If you need 150.0mL of a 2.5M solution of KNO3
  for an experiment and all you have is a bottle of
  6.5M KNO3 solution, how would you make the
  desired solution.
• We want (c2 and V2)
• c2 2.5M
• V2 150.0mL
• We have (c1)
• c1 6.5M
• We need to use (V1)
• V1 ??

89
Diluting a Solution

• c1V1 c2V2
• V1 c2V2 / c1
• V1 (2.5M 150.0mL) / 6.5M
• V1 58mLbut this is not the answer
• You were asked How to make the solution.
• So, to prepare this solution, you would take a
  150mL volumetric flask and add about 50mL of
  distilled H2O.
• Then you would add 58mL of the concentrated
  (6.5M) solution of KNO3.
• Then you would fill the flask to the fill line
  with more distilled H2O.

90
Your Turn

• On a warm and sunny day in Philadelphia you start
  your new job for a chemical research company.
  Your boss is kind of a jerk, but the pay is good
  and the benefits are better. As you were gazing
  out the window in a dream world, Dr. Smith comes
  up and asks you to carry out your first
  experiment. It calls for a reaction with 100.0mL
  of 2.0M silver nitrate and 85mL of 3.10M HCl. He
  points to a table full of chemicals and
  gruntsyou assume he means to use these
  chemicals. So you do. There is a bottle of 12.0M
  HCl and a jar of AgNO3 solid crystals.
• How would you prepare each solution (AgNO3 and
  HCl)
• What is the balanced equation?
• What is the net ionic equation?
• How much solid product would be made in this
  reaction?

91
Your Turnagain

• Predict what insoluble precipitates (if any) will
  form when the following solutions are mixed.
  Write the net ionic equation for the
  precipitation reactions.
• 0.10M NaCl and 0.10M AgNO3
• 0.10M BaCl2 and 0.10M MgSO4
• 0.10M KCl and 0.10M Cu(NO3)2
• Proponents that claim that Onondaga Lakes amount
  of CaCO3 is not a problem state that the excess
  CaCO3 neutralizes acid rain. Do a calculation to
  check their claim that 17,000 tons of CaCO3 could
  neutralize 3.0 x 1011 L of 0.0005M H2SO4
  (acid rain).

92
Onondaga Lake

• Lake Onondaga is very different from most
  freshwater lakes due to its very high
  concentrations of various ions.
• A typical lake has sodium ion concentrations
  below 10ppm and calcium ion concentrations below
  50ppm.
• Onondaga Lake has been measured at 550ppm Na and
  500ppm Ca2.
• Where HCO3- is the most common anion in most
  lakes, Cl- is the most common anion in Onondaga.
• Lake Onondaga also contains sulfate, nitrate,
  copper, chromium, cadmium and mercury ions as
  well.

93
Onondaga Lake

• This last group of ions originally came from
  manufacturing plants along the coast instead of
  the Solvay plant.
• The fact that there is such a low concentration
  of phosphates is due to the large concentration
  of calcium ions in the lake.
• Most of the phosphates introduced into the lake
  came from municipal storm and sanitary sewers
  that empty into it.

94
Onondaga Lake

• In 1968, Syracuse and Allied Chemical (owners of
  Solvay plant) entered into an agreement where the
  excess CaCl2 and Ca(OH)2 from the plant were used
  to treat the citys wastewater.
• The phosphates from the wastewater were combined
  with the calcium ions to form insoluble calcium
  phosphate which precipitated out before it
  reached the lake.