An Invitation to Health

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An Invitation to Health
Chapter 14 Defending Yourself Against
Infectious Disease
Prepared by Karlyn Grimes MS RD
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Chapter 14 Objectives
Explain how different agents of infection spread
disease.
Describe how your body protects itself from
infectious disease.
List and describe some common infectious diseases.
Identify sexually transmitted infections and the
symptoms and treatments of each.
List the methods of STI transmission.
Define HIV infection and describe its symptoms.
Explain some practical methods for preventing HIV
infection and other sexually transmitted
infections.
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How Do You Catch An Infection?
Animals and Insects
People
Water
Food
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How do infections occur?

• Pathogens

• Virus
• Bacteria
• Fungi
• Protozoa
• Rickettsia

Body has normal resistance to most pathogens
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4 Ways to Enter the Body
Direct
Fluid to Fluid
Indirect
Infected Surface
Airborne
Water Vapor
Vector-borne
Non-human Carrier
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For Infection to Occur

• Pathogen
• Quantity
• Vulnerability
• Entry Site/Mode

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The Process of Infection
7. Termination
6. Recovery or Relapse
5. Clinical Stage
4. Prodormal Period
3. Incubation Period
2. Infection
1. Exposure
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How Your Body Protects Itself

• Tears, sweat, skin oils, saliva, mucus, and
  cilia.
• Lymphatic System Organs and Components
• Spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and lymph
  vessels.
• Lymphocytes (white blood cells)

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The Human Lymphatic System
Tonsils Defense against bacteria and other
foreign agents
Thymus gland Site where certain white
blood cells acquire means to chemically
recognize specific foreign invaders
Right lymphatic duct Drains right upper
portion of body
Thoracic duct Drains most of body
Spleen Site where antibodies are
manufactured disposal site for old red blood
cells and foreign debris site of red
blood cell formation in the embryo
Lymph nodes Store protective cells and destroy
pathogens
Some of the lymph vessels Return excess fluid
and reclaimable solutes to the blood
Some of the lymph nodes Filter bacteria and
many other agents of disease from lymph
Bone marrow Marrow in some bones are
production sites for infection-fighting blood
cells (as well as red blood cells and platelets)
Fig. 14-1, p. 395
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Immune DisordersAllergies

• Hypersensitivity to a substance in our
  environment or diet.
• Symptoms
• Itching, nasal congestion, eye irritation,
  coughing, wheezing, hives, vomiting, and
  diarrhea, and even sudden life-threatening
  collapse.
• Treatments
• Non-sedating oral medications, nasal sprays, and
  immunology.

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Immune DisordersAutoimmune Disorders

• When the immune system declares war on the cells,
  tissues, or organs it normally protects.
• Types
• Graves disease, systematic lupus, scleroderma,
  rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis.
• Causes
• Genetics, drugs, chemicals, bacteria and viruses.
• Treatments
• Medications.
• New diagnostic tests and treatments are on the
  horizon.

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Recommendations for Adult Immunizations

• Tetanus, Diphtheria
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis A
• Measles, Mumps and Rubella
• Varicella (Chickenpox)
• Meningococcal Disease
• Influenza
• Pneumococcal Disease

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Who Is At Highest Risk of Infectious Disease?
Children Their Families
The Chronically Ill
The Elderly
Residing In Poorly Ventilated Buildings
Smokers Those With Respiratory Problems
Individuals Working With Sick Individuals
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Common Infectious Diseases

• Common Cold
• Influenza
• Meningitis
• Hepatitis
• Mononucleosis
• Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
• Pneumonia
• Tuberculosis
• Group A and Group B Strep Infection
• Toxic Shock Syndrome
• Insect- and Animal-Borne Infections
• New Infectious Treats

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Common Cold Facts

• There are 200 distinct cold viruses.
• Americans come down with 1 billion colds
  annually.
• The common cold results in 20 million lost work
  days and 22 million days of absence from school.
• Spring, Summer and Early Fall Colds
• Rhinoviruses causing symptoms above the neck
• Stuffy nose, headache and runny nose.
• Winter Colds
• Adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses,
  coronaviruses and influenza viruses.
• These viruses are more likely to get into the
  bronchi and trachea and cause more fever and
  bronchitis.

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Treatments for the Common Cold

• Limit Aspirin and Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
• Suppresses important antibodies and increases
  symptoms.
• Reyes syndrome
• Ibuprofen
• Antihistamines
• Watch for drowsiness
• Individuals with high blood pressure, diabetes,
  heart disease, or thyroid disorders should limit
  products containing pseudoephedrine.
• Limit Multisymptom Medications
• Alternative Remedies
• ? Vitamin C, Echinacea, zinc lozenges

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Influenza
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Influenza
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Influenza
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Influenza
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Individuals Who Should Get Flu Shots

• Individuals aged 65 years and older.
• Residents in long term care facilities.
• Individuals aged 2 to 64 years with chronic
  health conditions.
• Children aged 6 to 23 months.
• Pregnant women.
• Health-care personnel
• Household contacts and caregivers.

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Student Snapshot, p. 402
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Rate of Flu in College Dorms
Fig 14-3, p. 402
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Meningitis
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Meningitis
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Meningitis
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Meningitis
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Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
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Hepatitis
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Before You Get a Tattoo or Piercing
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Mononucleosis
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Mononucleosis
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Mononucleosis
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Mononucleosis
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
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Pneumonia
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Pneumonia
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Pneumonia
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Pneumonia
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Pneumonia
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Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis
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Tuberculosis
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When someone with active tuberculosis exhales,
coughs, or sneezes, tuberculosis is expelled in
tiny airborne droplets that others may inhale.
How Tuberculosis Spreads
The TB bacteria lodge mainly in the lungs, where
they slowly multiply, creating patches, then
cavities, in the lungs.
Other parts of the lung are affected,
including bronchi and the lining of the lung.
If untreated, TB can eventually spread to
and damage the brain, bone, eyes, liver and
kidneys, spine, and skin.
Fig. 14-4, p. 405
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Group A and Group B Strep Infection
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Group A and Group B Strep Infection
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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The Best Defense

• Eat a balanced diet.
• Avoid fatty foods.
• Get enough sleep.
• Exercise regularly.
• Dont smoke.
• Control your alcohol intake.
• Wash your hands frequently.
• Dont share food, drinks, silverware or glasses.
• Spend as little time as possible in crowds.
• Use tissues rather than handkerchiefs.
• Avoid irritating air pollutants.
• Get tested immediately if you think you have an
  STI.