Industrial Revolution

1
Industrial Revolution

• (an unapologetically British story, at least
  until the 1800s)

2
Industrial revolution 101

• Adding power (energy) to production
• Can also talk about other centers of industry
• the Muslim world,
• China,
• Japan
• First, iron
• Then agricultural change
• Leads to population growth
• Water and wind power
• Then the use of coal, driven by forest depletion
• Steam power
• Electricity and internal combustion
• Industrial conflict

3
What came before?(How did people live)

• Subsistence farming technology grains and
  livestock
• Copper, bronze, iron age
• Feudalism, particularly after Norman Conquest
• The open field system of village agriculture
  under feudal lords (fiefs)

4
The Open Field systemCommunal North European
Agriculture

• Called the open or strip field system
• Commons
• Fallow fields
• Woodlands and grazings
• Rotation of strips amongst villagers based on
  need (but also on politics)
• See Domesday (Doomsday) Book, 1086
• Village rule of elders, with taxation by feudal
  lords
• The Enclosure Movement and its various resisters

5
An Open Field Village Source Cloughall College,
UK
6
Open fields after enclosure Source
Northumberland and Durham county councils
7
Reconstructed medieval house, West Stow, Suffolk
8
Open fields after enclosure Source
Northumberland and Durham county councils
9
The Great Plague the Black Death

• Kills over 1/3 of Europe around 1350
• Sporadic outbreaks after, including 1688 in
  London, and in Native America after first contact
• Empties villages
• Opens up the possibility of some new kind of land
  use
• Privatization

10
Medieval doctor lances a plague buboe on a
patient, providing an element of relief. Of
course, this is very dangerous for the physician
11
An eye-witness account of the Black Death An
Italian man from Florence called Boccaccio lived
through the Plague in his city Those who lived
became very frightened. Most decided to get away
from the sick to save themselves. Some shut
themselves up in houses where no one had been
sick. They tried to eat healthy food and not talk
to anyone who had been near the sick. Others
decided to simply party their lives away. They
drank and had wild parties. They thought they
would die anyway so did not care. People ignored
sick members of their own families. People were
so scared they refused to hep their own brothers
and sisters. Husbands left wives and mothers
refused to help their own children. Servants only
stayed with their masters for very high wages.
12
Hundreds of English villages were abandoned
during the Black Death. This is the village of
Middle Ditchford in Gloucestershire. You can see
the outlines of the buildings.
http//passmoreshistory.homestead.com/files/Unit_3
_Lesson__7_sheet_edited.ppt.
13
Early Industry C 1300-1600

• Black Death opens up enclosed land for private
  farms
• The agricultural improvers appear, particularly
  in production of woolens
• Cottage industry, primarily based on enclosed
  fields used as sheep farms
• Trucking from house to house
• Carding
• Spinning
• Weaving
• Transport
• Marketing
• English wool, the first international industrial
  commodity
• Agricultural improvement shifts to other crops,
  continues

14
Jeffersons Monticello. Jefferson was an
agricultural improver.
15
Early Industry C 1600 to 1800

• Cottage industry locates on-site
• Creates Industrial hamlets
• Site specific advantages
• Mining
• Water or wind power
• Workforce
• Better transportation on good roads, then canals
• Iron, the source of early military power,
  ironworks key strategic resource
• Case study Sheffield, Yorkshire

16
Source Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet Sheffield,
Yorkshire The Tilt Forge Wheel
17
Source Shepherd Wheel Sheffield, Yorkshire The
Grinding Workshop
18
Forge sites on Sheffield rivers
19
From the author of Robinson Crusoe

• This town of Sheffield is very populous and
  large, the streets narrow, and the houses dark
  and black, occasioned by the continued smoke of
  the forges which are always at work.
• Here they make all sorts of cutlery-ware, but
  especially that of edge tools, knives, razors,
  axes etc. and nails and here the only mill of
  the sort, which was in use in England for some
  time, was set up, for turning their grindstones.
• The manufacture of hard ware is ... much
  increased... and they talk of 30000 men employed
  in the whole.
• from A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great
  Britain by Daniel Defoe published in 1724

20
Coal Mining

• Sea Coal from Newcastle
• Driven by deforestation of England, 1600s, 1700s
• Required energy to pump water from deep shafts
• Required centralized, organized labor force
  capitalism, unions

21
Sea Coal Photo Glen Smart
22
Newcomens mine engine Original diagram
23
Newcomen Engine installed in Yorkshire, now in
Henry Ford Museum
24
Industry C 1800 to 1900

• Steam power larger mills
• Industrial towns Eg Worcester, Mass, Lewiston,
  Maine
• US advantages
• Resources land, coal, iron
• Population, immigration Workforce
• Social structure Less aristocratic baggage
• Finance Often from Europe
• Marketing vital transportation by steam,
  railroad and eventually steamship
• Coal and ironworks supreme strategic resource, to
  be superseded by oil
• 1900-2000 The American century

25
New Hampshire Mill Source Conservationtech.com
26
Electricity in factory production

• Predates oil by several decades
• Electric motors can replace steam engines one for
  one
• Hydropower very popular in 1880s, 1890s to
  produce power
• Allows new machinery, new levels of control,
  automation

27
Used with permission, Maine Atlantic Salmon
Commission
28
Oil!And internal combustion

• Originally used for lighting Kerosene
• Internal combustion engines Diesel, Lenoir
• Shipping Churchill and the Royal Navy
• Markets Drove economic growth
• Urban planning Megopolis
• Supreme strategic resource

29
Oil gusher in New Straitsville, Ohio Source
Town of New Straitsville, Ohio
30
Model T Ford University of Wisconsin
31
Levittown, Long Island, in 1958 Source Unknown
32
Megopolis Source NOAA's National Geophysical
Data Center (NGDC), in Boulder, Colorado, working
with the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program
(DMSP)