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INDO EUROPEAN ROOTS
History of the English Language
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Indo-European Roots

• Focusing On
• Various Modern English Words
• which Derived from the
• Following Indo-European Roots

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Indo-European Roots

• Theme
• Assorted Parts of the Human Body

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BHRU Eyebrow
__

• Originally contracted from bhru -.
• 1. brow, from Old English br
• 2. eyebrow, eyelid, eyelash, from Germanic br s
• Could possibly also mean in the sense of a beam
  of wood or a log bridge.
• 1. bridge, from Old English brycg(e)
• 2. bridge from Germanic brugj (with cognates in
  Celtic and Slavic).

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DENT Tooth

• Originally 1d-ent-, biting, present
  participle of ed- in the earlier meaning to
  bite.
• 1. tooth, from Old English t th
• 2. tooth, from Germanic
• A second form involves d t-
• 1. tusk, from Old English t sc, t x
• 2. canine tooth, from Germanic tunth-sk-
• A third form involves dent
• 1. dental, dentate, denti-, denticle, dentist
  dandelion, edentate, edentulous, indent1,
  indenture, trident, from Latin d ns
• The last form involves dont, ultimately
  becoming odont- in Greek
• 1. odon, odont, odonto- ceratodus, mastodon,
  from Greek od n, odous

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EL Elbow (Forearm)

• Extended form el-in -, elbow.
• 1. ell2, from Old English eln
• 2. forearm, cubit, from Germanic elin
• 3. elbow, from Old English elnboga,
• 4. elbow, from Germanic compound elino-bug n-,
  bend of the forearm, elbow
• 5. ulna, from Latin ulna, forearm
• A second form involves ol-en -.
• 1. uilleann pipe, from Old Irish uilenn, elbow
• A third form involves l-en -.
• 1. olecranon, from Greek len , elbow
• The last form involves el-in-.
• 1. arshin, from Old Persian ara n-,
• 2. ell, from Indo-Iranian aratn(i)-, probably
  from a variant el-etn- of el-in-.

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GENU Jawbone (Chin)
/

• Oldest form enu-, becoming genu- in centum
  languages.
• The first form involves genw-.
• 1. chin, from Old English cin(n)
• 2. chin, from Germanic kinnuz.
• The second form involves genu-.
• 1. genial2, from Greek genus, jaw, chin.
• The third form involves gn -dho-.
• 1. gnathal, gnathic, gnathous agnathan,
  chaetognath, from Greek gnathos, jaw.
• The last form involves g(h)enu-.
• 1. hanuman, from Sanskrit hanu, jaw.

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KAPUT Head

• Multiple derivations include
• 1. head behead, forehead, from Old English h
  afod, head
• 2. hetman, from Old High German houbit, head
• Both 1 and 2 from Germanic haubudam, haubidam
• 3. caddie, cadet, cape2, capital1, capital2,
  capitate, capitation, capitellum, capitulate,
  capitulum, capo1, capo2, caprice, captain,
  cattle, caudillo, chapiter, chapter, chef, chief,
  chieftain, corporal2 achieve, biceps,
  decapitate, kerchief, mischief, occiput,
  precipitate, recapitulate, sinciput, triceps
• from Latin caput, head

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LEB Lip (To Lick)

• Multiple derivations include
• 1. lip, from Old English lippa
• 2. lip, from Germanic lep-
• The second form involves lab-, or lab-yo-.
• 1. labial and labium, from Latin labium, lip
• The Last form involves lab-ro-.
• 1. labellum, labret, labrum, from Latin labrum,
  lip

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MAN Hand

• Derivatives include manacle, maneuver, and
  manure.
• 1. manacle, manage, manège, manner, manual,
  manubrium, manus amanuensis, maintain, maneuver,
  manicotti, manicure, manifest, mansuetude,
  manufacture, manumit, manure, manuscript,
  mastiff, mortmain, and quadrumanous,
• from Latin manus, hand
• 2. maniple, manipulation, from Latin manipulus,
  handful
• The first form involves man-ko-, maimed in the
  hand.
• 1. manqué, from Latin mancus, maimed, defective.
• Another derivative includes emancipate,
• 1. from Latin compound manceps, he who takes by
  the hand, purchaser
• The last set of derivatives contains mandamus,
  mandate, Maundy Thursday command, commando,
  commend, countermand, demand, recommend, remand,
• from Latin compound mand re, to put into
  someone's hand, entrust, order

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NAS Nose

• Multiple derivations include
• 1. nose, nuzzle nostril, from Old English nosu
• 2. nose, from Germanic zero-grade form nus
• 3. ness, from Old English næss
• 4. headland, from Germanic nasja-
• One particular form involves n s-.
• 1. naris, from Latin n ris, nostril
• 2. similarly, the form n ss- is used for the
  derivatives nasal, naso- nasturtium, pince-nez,
  from Latin n sus, nose
• 3. nark2, from Romany n k,
• 4. nose, from expressive Indo-Aryan form nakka-.

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Works Cited

• "Indo-European Roots Index." Bartleby.com. 2000.
  The American Heritage Dictionary of the English
  Language. 21 Sept. 2008 lthttp//www.bartleby.com/6
  1/ieroots.htmlgt.