IFWA 1213 Sanitation and Safety

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IFWA 1213Sanitation and Safety 

• Regulatory and Professional Associations

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Points to cover

•    Brief History / Significant dates   FDA
  (www.fda.gov)
•    USDA http//www.usda.gov/   EPA
  http//www.epa.gov/
•    Components regularly found in food   Food
  additives   Color additives   GRAS  
  Delaney Clause   Calculation of toxicity 

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Milestones in U.S. Food and Drug Law History
(http//www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/miles.htm
l)  

• Brief History / Significant Dates    1785
  Massachusetts creates the first food adulteration
  law

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   1883Dr. Harvey Wiley, chief chemist of USDA
(Poison Squad) 
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   1898Pure Food Congress- misbranding and
adulteration 
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   1906Foods and Drugs Act - misbranding and
adulterated food and beverages- Meat
Inspection Act 
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   1930Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 
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   1938Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act

• passed safe tolerances are set for unavoidable
  poisonous substances, authorizing factory
  inspections, authorizing standards of identity,
  quality and fill of container

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   1950Oleomargarine Act- labeling of colored
margarine 
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   1958Food Additives Amendment, safety of
additives- Delaney clause 
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   1960Color Additive Amendment- safety of
additives 
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   1970Environmental Protection Agency formed 
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   1977Saccharin Study and Labeling Act- ban
on saccharin but requires a label 
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   1990- Nutrition Labeling and Education Act-
all packaging to have nutrition labels 
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Substances in Food (6 classes) 

• 1)       GRAS (http//ificinfo.health.org/insight/
  gras.htm)
• 2)       Unavoidable contaminants3)      
  Pesticide Residues http//www.foodsafetyalliance.o
  rg/farmers_production/produce_safety.html
• 4)       Food Additives5)       Color
  Additives6)       Prohibited Substances

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Food Additives (http//ificinfo.health.org/food-a
dd.htm) 

•    a substance or mixture of substances, other
  than basic foodstuffs, present in food as a
  result of any aspect of production, processing,
  storage, or packaging (no chance contaminants)

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Major reasons for using Food Additives 

• 1)       Product consistency (emulsifier,
  anticaking)2)       Improve/maintain nutritional
  value3)       Maintain taste and quality
  (preservatives)4)       Provide
  leavening5)       Enhance flavor or give color

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Food Additive Approval

•    requires FDA approval and manufacturers
  proof of its safety   petition files with
  FDA   animal studies using large doses  
  examine composition, properties, amount to
  consume and possible long term effects   If
  approved, guidelines set for additives use 

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Food Additive Approval  

•    Two groups exempted from ACT1)       Prior
  sanctioned substances 2)       GRAS substances

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Saccharin (www.hoptechno.com/book2.htm)

•    discovered in 1879 by Sherwin-Williams   
  300 times sweeter than sugar   FDA in March
  1977 banned use due to tumors found in rats
  (Delaney clause) performed by the Canadian
  government

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Saccharin

•    at the time, 5 million pounds consumed per
  year (74 in diet soda)   ban delayed due to
  commercial outcry by producers   study was
  flawed (unknown impurities included in study)
     moratorium on ban has been extended
  indefinitely   all packaging carry warning label

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Color Additive (www.fda.gov/opacom/backgrounders/
coloradd.html) 

•    any dye, pigment or substance that can impart
  color when added or applied to food

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Reasons for using Color Additives 

• 1)       Offset color loss2)       Correct
  natural variations3)       Enhance
  color4)       Provide identity (lime) and
  appearance (candy canes)5)       Protect flavors
  and vitamins

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Certifiable Colors

•    additives permitted in food are called
  Certifiable    manmade   higher
  intensity   greater stability   no flavor

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Certifiable Colors  

•    exempt from certification are pigments from
  natural sources and manmade components similar to
  natural derivatives

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Dyes and Lakes 

•    dyes are water soluble   lakes are more
  stable (used with fats) Coal tar dyes  
  intense color   high water solubility due to
  sulfur   banned due to Delaney clause

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 Delaney Clause (www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/1996
/10-7-1996/pestref.html)   

•    Anything found to cause tumors in laboratory
  animals during testing is banned from human
  consumption   Recently has been reformed

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Toxicology http//apps.fao.org/CodexSystem/pestde
s/pest_ref/pest-e.htm(http//www.cfsan.fda.gov/d
ms/pes99rep.html  

• Section 408   calculation of toxicity  
  calculate no observable effects level (NOEL)  
  measure acceptable daily intake (ADI)  
  ADINOEL/100   calculate theoretical maximum
  residue contribution (TMRC)   TMRCgtADI, must
  redo studies to calculate lower levels

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Section 409 

•    if chemical concentrates in tissues, it must
  be lower than TMRC on per weight basis   if the
  pesticide is determined to be a carcinogen and
  concentrates, its banned   automatically
  banned if chemical is used as an additive  
  pesticides collect in fat (concentrate)  
  infants eat 16x food per weight basis

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Food Defect Actions Levels (http//vm.cfsan.fda.
gov/dms/dalbook.html)