Class Slides Set 16A

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Class Slides Set 16A The Skull
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• Many changes take place in
• the skull . . .

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The skull . . .

• the occipital condyles have moved forward to an
  intermediary position . . .

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The skull . . .

• occipital condyles
• the hinges on which the skull articulates with
  the spine

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The skull . . .

• foramen magnum
• the opening through which the spinal cord passes
  from the cranium

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The skull . . .

• the foramen magnum has also moved forward and
  downward . . .

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Position of the foramen magnum in (a) a human
and (b) a chimpanzee.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 203
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The skull . . .

• cranium
• the skull without
• the lower jaw

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The skull . . .

• the lower jaw
• mandible

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Modern human cranium.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 432
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The skull . . .

• the eyes are placed at the front of the head and
  operate together . . .
• this results in stereoscopic vision and
• 3-D depth perception

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Overlapping visual fields (binocular vision) in
primates
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 115
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The skull of a gibbon (left) compared to that of
a red wolf (right)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 116
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The skull . . .

• diurnal primates also have color perception
• diurnal primates are those active during the day,
  as are apes, monkeys, and humans . . .

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The skull . . .

• some adult male apes have a sharp crest along the
  top of the skull sagittal crest

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The skull . . .

• heavy chewing and neck muscles attach to the
  sagittal crest

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Satittal crests and temporal muscle
orientations. Hominid compared to pongid. (Line
of greatest muscle force is shown in red.)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 245
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The black skull, WT 17000 Australopithecus
aethiopicus
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 237
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The skull . . .

• sagittal ridge a smaller slightly raised
  ridge running down the center of the skull
• (aka sagittal keel)

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Homo erectus
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 227
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The skull . . .

• most apes have a supraorbital ridge over the
  eyes

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The skull . . .

• supraorbital ridge
• a marked bulge of bone across the region over the
  eyes

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Satittal crests and temporal muscle
orientations. Hominid compared to pongid. (Line
of greatest muscle force is shown in red.)
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 8th ed., p. 245
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The skull . . .

• modern humans have cranial base flexure
• (basicranium) (bend)

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Modern human cranium.
Understanding Physical Anthropology and
Archaeology, 9th ed., p. 432
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The skull . . .

• flexure in the base of the skull (the
  basicranium)
• seems to relate to
• a low larynx . . .

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Larynx / Pharynx
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 377
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The skull . . .

• larynx
• the voice box
• (which contains the vocal cords)

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The skull . . .

• and a low larynx is associated with a longer
  pharynx . . .

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The skull . . .

• pharynx
• the throat above the larynx

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Larynx / Pharynx
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 377
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Larynx / Pharynx
Humankind Emerging, 7th ed., p. 377
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The skull . . .

• and a longer pharynx is a feature associated with
  human speech

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The skull . . .

• noses are elevated in humans, and are separated
  by the septum into two chambers

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The skull . . .

• human upper lips are relatively short, and are
  never as thin as apes lips

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Continue on to Set 16B
Next Brains
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End of Class Slides Set 16A Continue on to Set
16B