Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal level

1
Classification of Recent Mammals to ordinal
level Class MAMMALIA Subclass -
PROTOTHERIA Order - Monotremata -
echidnas and platypus 3 species Subclass -
THERIA Infraclass Metatheria
(Marsupials) Order Didelphimorphia -
opossums 63 species Order
Paucituberculata - rat oppossums 5 species
Order Microbiotheria - Monito del Monte,
Ilaca 1 species Order Dasyuromorphia
- extinct Tasmanian wolf, numbat, dasyures etc.
63 sp. Order Peramelemorphia -
bandicoots 21 species Order
Notoryctemorphia - marsupial "mole" 2 species
Order Diprotodontia - koala, wombats,
kangaroos possums 117 species
Infraclass Eutheria (Placentalia)
Order Xenarthra sloths, armadillos, anteaters
29 species Order Pholidota - pangolins
7 species Order Insectivora - shrews,
tenrecs, moles, hedgehogs 428 species
Order Scandentia - tree shrews 19 species
Order Dermoptera - Colugos 2 species
Order Chiroptera - Bats 925 species
Order Primates - lemurs, monkeys and apes 233
species Order Carnivora - cats, dogs,
bears, seals, raccoons etc. 271 species
Order Cetacea - whales and dolphins 78 species
Order Sirenia - dugongs and manatees
5 species Order Proboscidea -
elephants 2 species Order Hyracoidea
- hyraxes 6 species Order
Perissodactyla - horses, tapirs rhinos 18
species Order Tubulidentata -
Aardvark 1 species Order Artiodactyla
- pigs, hippos, camels, bovids, antelopes, deer
220 sp. Order Macroscelidea - elephant
shrews 15 species Order Rodentia -
rodents 2021 species Order Lagomorpha
- hares, rabbits and pikas 80 species   Total
(in 1993) 4629 species of Recent
mammals Wilson, D. L. D. M. Reeder. 1993.
Mammal Species of the World. Smithsonian Press
2

First hominids Diversification of modern
mammals Extinction of dinosaurs Earliest
mammals earliest dinosaurs Earliest
therapsids Earliest pelycosaurs Earliest
amniotes Earliest amhpibians Jawed
fish Earliest vertebrates
3
Cladistics (Phylogenetic Systematics) An
objective method of determining evolutionary
relationships of organisms (phylogeny), based on
comparative analysis of characters
(morphological, genetic, behavioral, etc).
Basic terminology Phenetics study of
evolutionary relationships based on overall
similarity Cladistics study of evolutionary
relationships based on derived similarity Charact
er (or trait) any discrete feature or attribute
that exhibits variation Character state
expression of a particular character (e.g.,
presence, absence) In group group of organisms
being studied Out group related group outside
that being studied (used as a point of reference
to determine character polarity) Character
polarity direction of evolutionary change in a
character Primitive character (plesiomorphy)
character state is primitive or generalized
(shared by both the ingroup and
outgroup) Derived character (apomorphy)
character state is advanced or specialized
(differs from the outgroup) Synapomorphy
(shared derived trait) derived trait shared by
2 or more groups Cladogram -- a graphical
representation of evolutionary relationships Mono
phyletic group (clade, or natural group) a
group of sharing a common ancestor. Represents
a complete evolutionary lineage. Polyphyletic
-- group with more than one ancestor an
artificial group. Paraphyletic -- group that
does not contain all descendants of a common
ancestor an incomplete group Node branching
point on a cladogram Sister groups groups on
either side of a node (i.e., closest relatives)
4
(No Transcript)
5
(No Transcript)
6
(No Transcript)
7
Ancestral amniote skull types
8
(No Transcript)
9
Synapsid evolution
10
(No Transcript)
11
ORDER PELYCOSAURIA Ophiacodonts mid
Pennsylvanian early Permian
Varanopseids Permian Caseids Permian
Edaphosaurs late Pennsylvanian early Permian
Sphenacodonts late Pennsylvanian mid
Permian
12
ORDER THERAPSIDA Dincephalia late Permian,
Asia, S Africa Anomodontia Dicynodonts late
Permian - mid Triassic world-wide to
early Cretaceous? -- Australia Theriodontia
Gorgonopsians late Permian, S. Africa, Asia
Tritylodonts late Triassic mid Jurassic
Eurasia, S Africa, N S America
Therocephalians late Permian early Triassic
Asia, Africa, Antarctica Cynodonts
late Permian early Jurassic Africa,
Antarctica, Asia, Europe, N S America

13
Pelycosaurs primitive
mammal-like reptiles
14
Pelycosaur cladogram
15
(No Transcript)
16
Poikilothermy Homeothermy Ectothermy En
dothermy behavioral homeothermy Inertial
homeothermy
17
Pelycosauria - Sphenacodontidae
Haptodus -- probable therapsid ancestor
18
Therapsida advanced cynodonts
Trirachodon
Cynognathus
19
Therapsids advanced
mammal-like reptiles
20
Therapsid cladogram
21
Therapsid evolution
CYNOGNATHUS
SPHENACODONT PELYCOSAUR ANCESTOR
22
(No Transcript)
23
Therapsid evolution toward Mammalian
grade