Horticulture and Agriculture

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Horticulture and Agriculture

• Team CPP Yeah You Know Me!
• Danilo Diaz
• Steve Ephraim
• Natalie Kitchel
• Jennifer Orrison
• Mason Prophet

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HORTICULTURECultivation Tools and Processes

• Earlier that 8000BCE, horticulture was starting
  to be developed.
• Early developments consisted of the evolution of
  a digging stick into the spade, then into the
  plough, the basket, and the hoe.
• Assumed that women invented them because they
  were the primary cultivators.

Mason Prophet
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The Hoe

• Used to loosen soil and kill weeds during field
  cultivation.
• Found in virtually all horticulture societies.
• In one Neolithic culture, women are buried with
  hoes and men are not.
• Images of women using a hoe are found in art from
  several native cultures of North America and
  South America.

Mason Prophet
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The Spade

• Spades are another tool for cultivation.
• Originally made of wood, and by women.
• In Incan culture, it was believed that if the
  planting was not done by women, the crops would
  not grow.

Mason Prophet
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The Plough

• Women are not credited with the invention of the
  plough because
• The image of the modern plough
• The idea that women would not have been strong
  enough to use them.

Mason Prophet
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The Plough

• However, this is likely to be an unfair
  assumption because
• Early ploughs were much different from later,
  animal drawn ones, and were probably pulled by
  two women.
• At the time early ploughs were being developed,
  women were the primary workers of the population.

Mason Prophet
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Supporting Evidence

• The idea that womens lack of strength is the
  basis for their incapability to invent and use
  the first ploughs. However, it is challenged by
  strong evidence that womens daily tasks
  included
• Collecting and hauling firewood, and other fuels
• Harvesting and hauling grain
• Collecting and moving clay for pottery
• Building houses or shelters
• This evidence also supports theories that women
  may have actually been stronger than men.

Mason Prophet
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Irrigation

• Along with the plough, irrigation is a second
  characteristic that separates horticulture from
  agriculture
• Women were probably the first irrigators
• Originated in the Near East
• Two types
• Bringing water to plants
• Palestinian Women leading spring water to grain
  and vegetable plots
• Bringing plants to water
• Navajo women sowing squash and beans in the fans
  of washes in the Arizona Desert
• Both types are seen in history around 8000BCE

Mason Prophet
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Fire as a land-clearing tool

• Used by men and women
• Men cut down most of the trees and brush before a
  burn
• Otis Mason claims that women may have been the
  first to control fire so that it may be used for
  this purpose.

Mason Prophet
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Fertilizer

• Women may have invented fertilizer in several
  cultures
• Observation of affect of feces on plant growth
  during child training and food collection.
• Menstrual blood and herring were used as
  fertilizer by women in different cultures
• Women were the primary cultivators

Mason Prophet
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Domestication and selective breeding of plants

• Foods that make up 75 of all human food energy
  comes from 8 cereal grains
• Wheat
• Rice
• Maize
• Barley
• Oats
• Sorghum
• Millet
• Rye
• All of the listed cereal grains were originally
  domesticated in prehistory, when women were the
  primary cultivators

Mason Prophet
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Agriculture

• When society started to depend more heavily
  on cultivation and agriculture, women began to
  lose their place as primary cultivators due to a
  dramatic shift called the Takeover Theory.

Danilo Diaz
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Takeover Theory

• Womens participation in cultivation?
• Men takeover in western cultures

Danilo Diaz
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Developments that Affected the Transition to
Agriculture...

• A birth explosion
• A change from female to male-centered religion
• The professionalization of the cultivative role

Danilo Diaz
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The Birth Explosion

• Creates more difficult dangerous periods
• Early lactation
• Late pregnancy
• Increasing her workload
• Food-providing
• Processing
• Child-care
• Emotional trauma
• Childrens death

Danilo Diaz
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Change From Female to Male-centered Religion

• Controversial overthrow of goddess-worship in
  middle east
• Triumph of male deities in the area after 3000 BC
• Negative psychological effects on women
• Opposite effect on men (intangibly)

Danilo Diaz
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The Professionalization of the Cultivative Role

• Farming became a full time job
• Gardens became fields
• Had to be ploughed and cultivated numerous times
• Irrigation developed into a complex matter
• Region wide canals and ditches
• Women lose out as it converted into a
  commercialized and professionalized field

Danilo Diaz
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Takeover Through 18th Century

• Africa and Asia
• Women do 2/3 to 3/4 of the work
• Not in charge
• European colonists intruders taught males of
  improved agricultural technology (Africa)
• Statistics of womens contributions are N/A
• Writing of history turned into a male role
• What men did

Danilo Diaz
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Women Inventors and Innovators

• Queen Zubaidya/Zubayda (Semiramis/Sammuramat)
• Specialized in engineering and irrigation
  innovations
• Held the highest office in her city, Mecca
• Constructed a reservoir and aqueduct at her own
  expense
• Princess Eanswith of Kent (England)
• Refused her intended groom
• Founded and devoted her life to a monastery
• Improving the agricultural practices

Danilo Diaz
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Continued

• Chimpu Urina (Chimbo Urma)
• Zoologist, naturalist, and inventor
• Introduced several new plants to cultivation
• Studied plant toxins to formulate arrow poisons
  for hunting and war

Danilo Diaz
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Inventions

• Sybilla Righton Masters
• Maize-stamping mill
• New way of working and staining in straw
• Palmetto leaf to produce womens bonnets
• Mary Wortley Montagu
• Brought about the idea of vaccinating livestock
  against infectious diseases
• Catherine Littlefield Greene
• Short-staple cotton gin
• Suggested key ideas which eventually led to the
  invention

Danilo Diaz
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Women's role in the 19th 20th Century in
Agriculture

• Plant Culture/Planting Cultivating
• Fertilization
• Irrigation drainage
• New foods
• New plants
• Plant Diseases

STEVEN EPHRAIM
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Plant Culture/ Planting Cultivating

• Dr. M. Claire Shephard involved in inventing of
  two systemic fungicides. Dimethirimol and
  ethirimol.
• Seed Treatments. To coat the seeds with
  fertilizer or pesticides rather than the entire
  fields.
• Miranda Smith lived in New York City and was
  credited for starting Rooftop Gardens Project.
• New Forms of Cultivating around the world
• Hsing Yen-tzu method of planting spring wheat
  in frozen grounds.
• Yetateriana Novgorodova hotbed techniques
  w/bonfires, sprinkling rountines for growing
  vegetables in Siberia.

STEVEN EPHRAIM
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Fertilization

• Elisabeth Bryenton
• Created mixture that provided plants as much
  nitrogen as needed to grow at a fraction of the
  cost.

• STEVEN EPHRAIM

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Irrigation and Drainage

• Harriet W.R. Strong
• Invented a system of dams and reservoirs for
  water storage and flood control.
• Started by growing walnut trees and citrus fruit.

STEVEN EPHRAIM
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New Foods

• Elizabeth White, daughter of cranberry growers
  discovered ways of growing a new berry,
  Tru-Blu-Berries
• Dr. Catherine H. Bailey
• Creating new hybrids of peaches, nectarines
  apples and pears.

STEVEN EPHRAIM
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New Plants

• Many female agriculturists are credited for the
  work in developing new and unique flowers. Most
  of these flowers are roses.

STEVEN EPHRAIM
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INVENTORS

• Josephine D. Brownell in 1937 patented 2 roses,
  wilt-resistant and continually blooming. Between
  1949-1955 created 31 more.
• Esther Johnson, Anna Miller, Elizabeth A. Briggs
  and Marie Schaefer created the walnut tree.
• Esther G. Fisher in 1950-1956 patented 8
  different types of roses.
• most famous for the Merry-Go-Round in 1952 and
  the first lavender rose
• Louisette Meilland Ambassador, can cost up to
  45,000 to create but can generate more then a
  million dollars in income.
• Kathleen K. Meserve created 6 blue Hollies from
  1963-1978
• Blue Girl, Blue Boy, Blue Prince, Blue Princess,
  Blue Angel, Blue Maid.

STEVEN EPHRAIM
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Plant Diseases

• Joanna B. Tribble preventing diseases on
  vegetables.
• Rebecca J. Walker protecting fruit trees from
  curculio.
• Dr. Margaret C. Shephard covering pesticides
  and agents that regulate plant growth.

STEVEN EPHRAIM
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Animal Husbandry

• Animal husbandry is the agricultural
  practice of breeding and raising livestock. It
  is an important part of farming and is considered
  a form of art and science. The science of animal
  husbandry is called animal science.

Jennifer Orrison
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Animal Husbandry Contd

• New Breeds and Varieties
• Salina, Maria, and Elena
• Henrietta King
• Sally Forbes
• Helen Newton Turner

Jennifer Orrison
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Animal Husbandry Contd

• Care of Livestock (Methods, Apparatus, Research)
• Nancy Wilkerson, Annie Pentz, and Geneva
  Armstrong
• - livestock and cattle cars
• Elizabeth Craig, Susan Smith, Cora Shellenberger,
  and Ingabrit Ingebritson
• - livestock feeding troughs
• Mary Lipscomb
• - improved sheep shears
• Miriam Louis Rothschild
• - studied fleas
• Helen Skeggs
• - growth-promoters in farm animals
• Melinda Boice
• - in-vitro fertilization

Jennifer Orrison
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Animal Husbandry Contd.

• Dairy Poultry Inventions
• Women on Farms
• Milking
• Processing Milk
• Chickens
• Income

Natalie Kitchel
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Animal Husbandry Contd.

• Dairy Inventions
• Effie L. Prall
• Caroline Westcott Romney
• Mary Engle Pennington

Natalie Kitchel
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Animal Husbandry Contd.

• Poultry Inventions
• Mary Arnold
• Ellie H. Florie
• Mary Engle Pennington
• Lizzie H. Dickelman

Natalie Kitchel
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Thank you!