Sexual Minorties in the workplace

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Sexual Minorties in the workplace By Robin
Lauzis, Shaina Badger, Sue Ujvary, Matt Lee,
Jeremiah Brown
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Historical Outlooks on Homosexuality

• Greeks
• No separate social categories for gay people.
• Athens
• A cult of homosexuality.
• Native Americans
• berdache were accepted members of the society

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More historical Views

• Tudor Dynasty
• Sodomy is a crime
• Old London
• Molly houses
• New England
• a crime against the family
• 1950s America
• equal to communists

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Timeline

• 1533, King Henry VIII defines sodomy.
• 1624, first American hanged for sodomy.
• 1869, the word homosexual in print.
• 1924, formation of the Society for Human Rights.

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• 1937, first use of pink triangle.
• 1945, Homosexuals NOT freed from Nazi
  concentration camps.
• 1962, first state to decriminalize sodomy.
• 1973, APA removes homosexuality from DSM-II.

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Some 20th Century Firsts

• 1977, first gay male elected to public office.
• 1979, first gay march on Washington D.C.
• 1981, first anti-discrimination laws
• 1983, first openly gay member of Congress.

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Very Recent History

• 1992, World Health Org removes homosexuality from
  ICD-10.
• 1994, AMA denounces supposed cures for
  homosexuality.
• 2003, Supreme Court strikes down a ban on
  homosexuality.
• 2004-2005, gay marriage laws go to vote all
  over the country.

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Important Sexual Minorities

• Socrates 400 BCE
• Alexander the Great 300 BCE
• Michelangelo - 1509
• Mother Clap 1726
• Tchaikovsky 1869
• Oscar Wilde 1895
• Kathrine Lee Bates 1929

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More important people

• Alan Turing 1954
• Barney Frank 1940
• Andy Warhol 1960
• Harvey Milk 1977
• Elton John 1970j
• Gerry Studds 1983

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CULTURAL DIFFERENCES

• FOUR MAIN TOPICS
• STEREOTYPES
• ACCEPTANCE WITHIN CHURCHES
• ISSUES DEALING WITH PARTNERS AND HEALTH
• NOT HAVING SPECIAL RIGHTS, BUT HAVING THE SAME
  RIGHTS

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 Barney Frank     U.S. Congressman
Gerry Studds     U.S. Congressman
J. Edgar Hoover    U.S. director of the FBI.
Walt WhitmanU.S. poet, author
FAMOUS SEXUAL MINORITIES
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Greg Louganis U.S. Olympic swimmer
Martina Navratilova U.S. tennis star
 James Dean     U.S. actor,
 Melissa Etheridge  U.S. Rock Star
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Politician
Actor
Playwright
Canadian Mayor
THEY ARENT JUST HAIR-DRESSERS AND PHYS ED
TEACHERS!
Singer
Politician
British Secretary of State
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STEREOTYPES

• Masculine women the butch, Lesbians hate men,
  Lesbians want to be men, Women become lesbians
  because they can't find a man.
• Flamboyantly gay men Gay men are feminine. They
  move in feminine ways, have feminine voices (a
  gay accent") and tend to be feminine in their
  sex roles. They have feminine interestsshow
  tunes, decorating, fashion, dancing. They have
  more psychological problems than heterosexual men
  such as depression and anxiety, just as women do

• Homosexuals are seen as immoral
• Stereotypical jobs include for men hair dressers
  and fashion designers. For women truck drivers
  and physical education teachers

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Politician
Actor
Playwright
Canadian Mayor
Singer
Politician
British Secretary of State
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CHURCHES AND ORGANIZATIONS ACCEPTING OF ALL
SEXUAL ORIENTATIONS

• Members of the Association of Welcoming
  Affirming Baptists (AWAB)
• Reconciling in Christ ("RIC") over 300
  organizations
• Angelic Communion largest to date

• COMMON MISSION SATEMENT
• All people are welcome here. Why should we
  single out gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender
  people?

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GOALS AND EXAMPLES OF REACHING OUT TO THE GAY
COMMUNITY

• One churches goals (commonly used)
• To provide support for Mennonite and Church of
• the Brethren gay, lesbian, transgender, and
• bisexual people, their friends and families
• To foster dialogue between gay and non-gay
• people in churches
• To provide accurate information
• about human sexuality from various theological,
• sociological, psychological, and biblical
  perspectives.

• Attempts churches have made to welcome
  homosexuals
• Willing to go on record as welcoming and
  affirming
• all persons without regard to sexual orientation
• Advocate for the full inclusion of lesbian, gay,
• bisexual and transgender persons within Baptist
• communities of faith.

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Taking A Small Step Forward In Health

• Commonly, when patients are conscious and can
  consent to the visits, same-sex partners are
  allowed in.
• However
• Same-sex partners may need legal documentation if
  partner is unconscious.

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AND NOW. WE HAVE A LITTLE TEST FOR ALL OF YOU
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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NONE!
WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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NEITHER!
WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
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WHO DO YOU THINK IS GAY?
NONE!
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Wrap-Up

• And finally, we wanted to point out that sexual
  minorities are not asking for any special
  privileges. Rather, they would just like to be
  considered as equals and to receive the same
  privileges as everyone else.

• The point we have tried to make with this game
  is that many times, it is not clear from
  appearances who is gay and who isnt. The person
  sitting next to you, or any of us giving this
  presentation could be just as gay as the
  heterosexual sitting next to you is straight.

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Challenges Faced in the WorkplaceDo I come out?

• Sexual Orientation is not readily identifiable.
• Concealable.
• Do I come out at work???
• And if so, to whom?
• Very complicated question.
• What happens if I stay in the closet at work?
• What happens if I come out at work?

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Staying in the ClosetAct Like Someone Im Not

• Pretending
• Bring friends to company picnics.
• Untrue Stories
• Hiding
• Withdrawing from social settings
• Avoiding certain conversations
• (Miller, Forest, Jurik, 2003)

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Staying in the ClosetJob Attitudes

• Lower Job Satisfaction
• Greater Job Anxiety (Griffith Hebl, 2002)
• Less pleased with Coworkers.
• Not Pleased with coworkers ? Not Coming Out?
• Not Coming Out ? Not Pleased with coworkers?
• (Ellis Riggle, 1995)

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Coming out at WorkNegative Attitudes

• Moral Shortcomings?
• Religion
• Variability between religions
• Frequency of religious activities (Horvath
  Ryan, 2003)
• Beliefs about employing homosexuals
• Attitudes towards homosexuals
• Traditional Gender Roles (Horvath Ryan, 2003).

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Coming out at WorkPay Discrepancies

• Pay (Ellis Riggle, 1995)
• Less Pay
• Less Satisfaction
• Why?
• Good Paying Jobs Fear of Job Loss
• Good Paying Jobs More Close Minded
• Discrimination?

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Lack in Pay results from Cognitive Biases?

• Cognitive Biases?
• Lower on performance ratings?
• Less promotions?
• Hirability Not Impacted (Aberson, 2003 VanHoye
  Lievens, 2003)
• Manipulated Living Situation of an applicants
• Student applicants for the student rep for
  HIV/AIDS awareness campaign

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Coming out at WorkQuid Pro Quo Impacts

• Harassment
• Physical Health, Psychological Health, Job
  Attitudes
• Violence
• In 2002, 1,244 Hate Crimes (FBI)
• Roughly the same as due to Religion or National
  Origin
• Termination
• Youre gay??? Youre Fired!!

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Federal, State and
LocalSexual minorities in the workplace
Federal, State and
LocalSexual minorities in the workplace
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On the Federal Level

• Title Vll of the Federal Civil Rights Act of 1964
  forbade discrimination on grounds of race, color,
  religion, national origin and sex.
• But what does sex really mean?

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The Meritor Decision

• 1986- Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson
• Notarized two theories of sexual harassment
  proposed by Professor Catherine A. MacKinnon.
• Quid pro quo- something for something
• Hostile environment
• What does this mean for sexual minorities?

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Same-sex Quid pro quo

• Early 1980s federal courts found that same-sex
  quid pro quo violated Title Vll.
• Leading case Wright v. Methodist Youth Services
• Theory only failed when harasser was considered
  an equal-opportunity harasser one who demands
  sexual favors from both men and women.

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Sexual orientation v. Perceived gender
non-conformity

• Rene v. MGM Grand Hotel, Inc.
• Case dismissed on grounds of sexual orientation
  because this is not covered under Title Vll.
• Case reinstated on grounds of perceived gender
  non-conformity because this is covered under
  Title Vll.

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State and Local Statutes

• April 25th,2005- Colorado State Senate Bill 28
  receives final approval to be sent to the House.
• Bill 28 prohibits employers from discriminating
  against homosexuals.
• It is wrong that I should be discriminated
  against or have a fear of losing my job because I
  put my partners picture up on my desk. That is
  wrong
• -Sen. Jennifer Veiga.

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State and Local Statutes

• July 24,2003- California Senate passes bill
  outlawing bias against transgendered residents.
  Also adds gender identity or expression to the
  states Fair Employment and Housing Act.
• February, 2004- Washington State Senate passes
  sexual orientation antidiscrimination bill.
• January, 2005- Illinois adds sexual orientation
  to the list of banned discriminatory acts.

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State and Local Statutes

• A few more examples of areas that have outlawed
  discrimination based on actual or perceived
  sexual orientation
• Portland
• Vancouver

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How can Organizations better accommodate the
needs of Sexual Minorities?

• -Did you know that homosexuality is still legal
  grounds for firing in 34 states?

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Possible Accommodations

• -Domestic Partner Benefits for same sex couples
• -Gay sensitivity training
• -Working with sexual minority organizations for
  better understanding

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Top 500 Companies

• 95 now offers policies that precluded
  discrimination based on sexual orientation
• 70 offers domestic partner benefits for same sex
  couples
• Compared to 51 and 25 respectively in 2001
• (Even conservative Wal-Mart has adopted
  non-discrimination laws)

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Working with Organizations

• GLBT
• -Gay, Lesbian, Bi-sexual, and Transgender Rights
  movement in corporate America
• -Seeking acceptance, tolerance, and equality
• -American Express and Lehman Brothers Inc. both
  promote their gay financial advisors in GLBT
  publications

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Reality Interview with a Gay Manager at UPS

• - Stone Butch Blues, Leslie Feinburg
• Diversity Training (eliminating her own
  stereotypes)
• Domestic partner benefits (costs, difficulties of
  proof)
• Acceptance (Legal, Financial, Occupational
  Equality)
• Pressures felt for being a gay manager

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References

• Aberson, C. L. (2003). Aversive bais toward gay
  men? Current Research in Social Psychology, 19,
  266-275.
• Ellis, A., Riggle, E. D. B. (1995). The
  relationship of job satisfaction and degree of
  openness about ones sexual orientation for
  lesbians and gay men. Journal of Homosexuality,
  30, 75-85.
• Griffith, K. H., Hebl, M. R. (2002). The
  disclosure dilemma for gay men and lesbians
  Coming out at work. Journal of Applied
  Psychology, 87, 1191-1199.
• Miller, S. L., Forest, K. B., Jurik, N. C.
  (2003). Diversity in blue. Men and
  Masculinities, 5, 355-385.
• VanHoye, G. Lievens, F. (2003). The effects of
  sexual orientation on hirability ratings An
  experimental study. Journal of Business and
  Psychology, 18, 15-30.Norton, Rictor (1992).
  Mother Clap's Molly House, The Gay Subculture in
  England 1700-1830. London, GMP Publishers.
• 81st Congress 2nd Session, Congressional Record,
  v 96 part 4, March 29 -- April 24, 1950 (pp
  4527-4528).