President

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President
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Recent US Presidents A Survey

• Who succeeded JFK in 1963?
• Lyndon Johnson
• Andrew Johnson
• A movie-star turned President
• JFK
• Ronald Reagan
• President who had served as ambassador to
  Mainland China
• Harry Truman
• George H. W. Bush
• Richard Nixon

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Recent US Presidents A Survey

• President who had been a law professor
• Jimmy Carter
• Bill Clinton
• George W. Bush
• His counterpart in the United Kingdom today
• Prime Minister Tony Blair
• Queen Elizabeth II
• Queen and Prime Minister
• President of the United Kingdom
• The maximum time President can serve
• 4 years
• 8 years
• 10 years

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What does the President look like?

• He does not look like majority of the nation
• President has been someone who is
• male
• Caucasian
• Protestant
• Much older than 35 (average 54)
• US citizen at the time of election
• Well-educated
• Well-to-do
• Trained in legal professional

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Who can become President?

• Article II, Section 1, Constitution
• A natural born citizen
• 35 years of age
• 14 years residence in the U.S.
• Which one of the following is not eligible for
  being President?
• Someone born of American parents, but in a
  foreign country
• Someone born of Canadian parents, but in the US

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Who can become President?

• Article II, Section 1, Constitution
• A natural born citizen
• 35 years of age
• 14 years residence in the U.S.
• Can he run for President?

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Presidential Election

• Presidential primaries
• Election to choose the partys candidates
• Party national conventions
• Time to formally nominate the partys president
  and vice-president candidates
• General Election
• Voters vote for president indirectly
• Voters cast ballots for presidential electors
• Electors then vote for P and VP in the electoral
  college
• Majority vote in the college determine the winner
• House of Representatives decide if no winner

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief of State (head of state)as chief of state,
  President symbolizes the dignity majesty of
  the American people
• Foreign counterpart

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief of State (head of state)as chief of state,
  President symbolizes the dignity majesty of
  the American people
• Foreign counterpart
• Queen of UK
• Emperor of Japan
• Presidents of France, China, Russia
• Ceremonial functions of President
• Decorating war heroes
• Officiating the opening of baseball season

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief of State (head of state)
• Ceremonial functions of President
• Dedicating parks and post offices
• Receiving foreign heads of state
• Visiting foreign countries
• Making personal calls to astronauts
• Representing the nation at times of national
  mourning

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief Executive (Head of government)
• Foreign counterpart
• Prime ministers of UK, France, China, .
• Executive powers
• Seek advise from department heads
• Nominate and appoint officers/officials
• Sign issue Executive Orders
• Dont ask and dont tell order (1993)
• Enforce laws, rulings and intl obligations
• Supervise and lead a federal executive
  bureaucracy of 2.7 million employees

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief Executive (Head of government)
• Foreign counterpart
• Executive powers
• Powers of Appointment and Removal
• Most government positions are filled by civil
  service employees
• President nominates some 5,332 positions
• President can remove appointed officials
  confirmed by Senate (1926, Supreme Court ruling)

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief Executive (Head of government)
• Foreign counterpart
• Executive powers
• The Powers of Appointment and Removal
• The Power to Grant Reprieves and Pardons
• Grant reprieves and pardons except in cases of
  impeachment
• Controversial Presidential pardons
• Gerald Ford Richard Nixon
• Bill Clinton Marc Rich

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief Executive
• As a legislator
• Call Congress into special sessions
• Report to Congress on the state of the union
• Submit legislative proposals
• Approve or veto legislations
• Sign legislative bills into law
• Veto pocket veto bills
• Ignore a controversial bill
• Exercise line-item veto (1996-1998)

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Constitutional Roles of President

• As a legislator Total Use of Veto

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief Executive
• As a chief diplomat

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Constitutional Roles of President

• Chief Executive
• As a head diplomat
• Represent the U.S. abroad
• Make execute a foreign policy that safeguards
  US national interests
• Supervise the execution of U.S. international
  obligations
• Conduct diplomacy and maintain international
  relations
• Coordinate with foreign states and organizations
  in intl crises
• Receive foreign ambassadors
• Extend diplomatic recognition to foreign states
• Negotiate and sign international treaties
• Negotiate and sign executive agreements

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President Nixon as a Head Diplomat
• The Start of Nixons Administration 1969
• US the World in 1969
• Soviet global expansion
• Over-extension of US overseas commitment
• US forces in W Europe
• US forces in Korea
• US forces in Japan
• US forces in Vietnam
• Vietnam War war protest at home
• withdraw from Vietnam with honor
• Vietnamization to end US involvement

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President Nixon as a Head Diplomat
• The Start of Nixons Administration 1969
• US the World in 1969
• Nixons New Foreign Policy
• Explore relations with Communist China
• Rise of Communist China as a major power center
• Communist China in bitter conflict with USSR
• Communist China, a major supporter of North
  Vietnam

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President Nixon as a Head Diplomat
• Nixons China Initiative a dangerous gamble
• Communist China, target of US containment in E
  Asia
• A Communist state
• Extremely anti-American and anti-West
• A party to the Korean War
• Aggressively supporting leftist regimes armed
  rebels world-wide
• Sought the demise of capitalist West
• American public
• Knew little about China
• Except fortune cookies

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President Nixon as a Head Diplomat
• Nixons China Initiative a dangerous gamble
• American public
• Knew little about China
• Except fortune cookies
• Anti-Communist sentiments
• Red Scare in the 1950s
• McCarthyism
• China Lobby friends of Free China
• American existing commitment
• US support of the Chinese government in Taipei
• US support of anti-Communist regimes in Asia
• US long-time position against Communist China

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President Nixon as a Head Diplomat
• Nixons China Initiative a dangerous gamble
• Execution of Nixons Chinas Initiative
• Nixon made Chinas initiative a top secret task
• Nixon sent signals to Beijing
• Nixon backed secret communications with Beijing
• Through Pakistan
• Through Romania
• Nixon personally in charge
• Congress not aware of it
• Vice President was told to be quiet
• American allies friends not aware of it

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President Nixon as a Head Diplomat
• Nixons China Initiative a dangerous gamble
• Execution of Nixons Chinas Initiative
• Kissinger Marco Polo Plan
• First US officials visit to Communist China
• Laying the ground work for Nixons trip to
  Beijing
• Nixons TV announcement
• Significance
• Détente with USSR
• US-China alliance against Moscow
• US withdrawal from Vietnam (1973)

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President as Commander in Chief
• President is the civilian leader of the armed
  forces
• President has long been assertive in military
  decision-making
• President William McKinley US troops into
  Beijing (1900)
• President Truman Hiroshima/Nagasaki
• President Truman Korean War
• President Kennedy Cuban Missile Crisis
• President Johnson bombing of N Vietnam

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President as Commander in Chief
• President has long been assertive in military
  decision-making
• President Nixon Invasion of Cambodia (1970)
• Presidential Power Questioned
• The War Powers Resolution (1973)
• President must notify Congress within 48 hours
  when sending troops overseas
• President must pull back troops within 60 days
  unless Congress agrees to extension

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Constitutional Roles of President

• President as Commander in Chief
• President has long been assertive in military
  decision-making
• Presidential Power Questioned
• After the War Powers Resolution
• US troops to Lebanon Grenada (1983)
• Air-raid on Tripoli (1985)
• Invasion of Panama (1989)
• US troops to Somalia (1992)
• US troops to Haiti (1994)
• Missile attack on a Sudanese chemical plant
  (1998)
• Aid raid on Serbia (1999)

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Presidential Powers in Summary

• Constitutional Power
• A power vested in the president by Art. II of the
  Constitution
• Chief executive
• Commander in chief
• Statutory Power
• A power created for the president thru laws made
  by Congress
• Line-item veto power to President (Line-item Veto
  Act, 1996)

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Presidential Powers in Summary

• Constitutional Power
• Statutory Power
• Expressed Power
• A constitutional or statutory power of the
  president that is expressly written into the
  Constitution and into statutory laws.
• Constitutional power statutory power
• Inherent Power
• Power derived from presidential power in laws and
  constitution
• Presidents power to send troops overseas
• Presidents power to recognize foreign states

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Presidential Powers in Summary

• Inherent Power
• Emergency Power
• Inherent power or derived power
• Power exercised by the president in times of
  extraordinary situations
• US v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp (1936)
• FDR ordered arms embargo against 2 warring states
  in S America without Congressional authorization
• Lincolns suspension of civil liberties (1861)
• Truman seizure of steel plants (1952) to
  safeguard steel supply in times of strike

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Presidential Powers in Summary

• Inherent Power
• Emergency Power
• Executive Privilege
• An inherent executive power concerning the need
  of the president or his executive officials to
  refuse to appear before, or to withhold info
  from, Congress or the courts.
• President Bush refused to allow Homeland Security
  Sec Tom Ridge to testify before Congress
• President Bush refused to share info about Dick
  Cheneys chairing an energy policy task force
• Nixons use of the power to withhold tapes foiled
• Clinton refused testimony by presidential guards

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The Executive Organization

• The Growth of the Presidents Office
• George Washington answered most of his mails
• First private secretary authorized by Congress
  (1857) paid by federal government
• Woodrow Wilson typed most of his correspondence
• FDR in 1933 had total staff of 37 people
• FDR appealed to Congress to increase White House
  staff (1937)
• Todays White House600 staff

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The Executive Organization

• The Cabinet
• No constitutional status
• Members of the Cabinet
• Secretaries of various departments
• National security advisor
• Ambassador to the UN
• Cabinet a formal source of information
• Yet, it often rubberstamps presidents decisions
• Kitchen cabinet
• A group of close friends and advisors who serve
  as an informal source of information to the
  President

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The Executive Organization

• The Executive Office of the President
• Created in 1939 by FDR thru an executive order
  authorized by Reorganization Act
• Consisting of 11 staff agencies that assist the
  president in carrying out major duties
• 11 Offices
• The White House Office
• Council of Economic Advisers
• National Security Council
• Council on Environmental Quality
• Office of Management and Budget

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The Executive Organization

• The Vice President Office
• Purposes of the Office
• Succeed in case of resignation, death, or
  incapacitation
• Preside over Senate cast a tie-breaking vote
• When Vice Presidency Becomes Vacant
• 25th Amendment (1967)
• President nominates majority vote of both
  houses
• Succession Act of 1947
• If both President Vice President die, Speaker
  of House shall succeed
• President pro tem of Senate
• Secretary of State

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The Executive Organization

• The First Lady
• Ceremonial portion of the Presidency
• Greeting foreign dignitaries, visiting foreign
  countries, and attending important ceremonies
• Not subject to media scrutiny and partisan attack
• A symbol of the nation
• Hillary Clinton a symbol or a politician?

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Political Resources of the Presidential Power

• Election
• Landslide victory
• Narrow electoral results
• Party
• President of a majority party
• President of a minority party
• Media
• Use of media to support a program
• Use of media to aspply pressures
• Use of media for election purposes

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Political Resources of the Presidential Power

• Election
• Party
• Media
• Public Opinion
• Shape public opinion
• Follow public opinion when necessary
• Mass popularity
• Use of high approval rating
• To pressure Congress
• To make policy initiatives