Infancy, Childhood

1
Chapter 16

• Infancy, Childhood
• Adolescence

2
Infants

• Infants nutrient needs high in proportion to
  body size growth reflects nutritional well-being
• 1. Birthweight doubles by 4-5 months
• triples by 1 yr.
• 2. Vit. D recommendations are 10X greater/lb.
• of body wt. than for adult male
• 3. Iron recommendations are 6X greater/lb. of
• body wt. than for adult male

3
Infants

• 4. Newborn requires 650 kcal/day
• (100 kcal/kg compared to adult
• requires 40 kcal/kg
• 5. Fluid needs normally met by breast milk
• or formula may need to supplement water if
  hot weather, diarrhea or vomiting

4
Infants

• Breast milk recommended the 1st yr.
• 1. Readily digested absorbed and offers
• immunological protection colostrum rich in
• antibodies
• 2. Provides the right balance of nutrients,
• except Vit. D supplements may be Rxd
• during birth-6 mos. if insufficient
  exposure
• to sunlight
• 3. Fluoride iron supplements recommended
• gt6 mos.

5
Infants

• Infant formula the only alternative to
• breast milk the 1st yr.
• 1. No cows milk until gt 1 yr. (induces GI
• blood loss)
• 2. Meets strict nutrition standards
• prepared to provide similar nutrient
• content as human milk iron-fortified
• recommended
• 3. Does not offer immunological protection

6
Infants

• 3. Formulas are available for infants with
• special needs (premature, allergies)
• 4. Not recommended in areas of poverty/poor
  sanitation
• 5. Nursing Bottle Tooth Decay can develop if
  baby put to bed with bottle

7
Infants

• Supplemental foods can be introduced
• at 4-6 mos.
• 1. Infant readiness can sit with support
• control head movement and swallow
• without tongue thrust

8
Infants

• Diet Progression
• 4-6 mos. iron-fortified infant cereals
  followed by
• fruits vegetables (no added
  salt or
• sugar)
• 6-8 mos. infant breads crackers offer
  juices
• diluted in a cup
• 8-10 mos. meats, egg yolk (no whites),
  legumes,
• cheese, yogurt, finger
  foods
• gt12 mos. whole cows milk (2-3 ½ cups/day)

9
Infants

• Feeding tips
• 1. Offer 1 new food at a time to detect
  allergies
• 2. Avoid sweets, foods prepared with salt, and
• honey (risk of botulism)
• 3. Prevent choking caution with popcorn,
• grapes, nuts, hot dogs
• 4. Allow child to explore food without forcing
  to
• eat/finish food or use food to
  reward/punish

10
Early Middle Childhood

• Energy nutrient needs
• 1. By age 1, growth rate slows appetite
• varies with growth phases
• 2. Energy - 1000 kcals 100 kcals/yr.
• (ie. 3 yr. old needs 1300
  kcals/day)
• 3. Nutrients need steadily increases

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Early Middle Childhood

• 4. Food portions adjusted to age 1
• Tbsp./yr. for meats, fruits/vegetables,
• grains
• Ex. 4 Tbsp. of each for a 4 yr. old
• 5. Limit sweets large intakes can lead
• to nutrient deficiencies obesity

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Early Middle Childhood

• Malnutrition in Children
• 1. Associated with poverty, esp.
• children of large families or with
• single mothers and inappropriate
• diets (very low fat)

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Early Middle Childhood

• Malnutrition affects behavior health
• 1. Breakfast esp. important! improves school
• performance
• 2. Children need to eat every 4-6 hrs. to
• maintain blood glucose
• 3. Encourage WIC National School
• Breakfast/Lunch programs to those in
• need (breakfast provides ¼ lunches 1/3
• of the RDA)

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Early Middle Childhood

• Iron deficiency the most common nutrient
• deficiency in the U.S.
• A. Affects energy, behavior, mood, attention
• span learning ability
• B. Prevention
• 1. Limit milk to 3-4 c./day
• 2. Encourage lean meats, eggs, legumes,
• whole grain iron-fortified
  breads
• cereals
• 3. Encourage WIC program to low-income
• families

15
Early Middle Childhood

• Lead poisoning in children
• 1. Widespread in children lt6 yrs.
• 2. Affects learning abilities behavior may
• cause irreversible brain damage
  (neurological
• symptoms include impaired
  concentration
• reaction time, poor coordination,
  seizures)
• 3. Causes hand to mouth ingesting
  tainted
• dirt, debris, old paint,
  lead-contaminated
• water from pipes
• 4. May coincide with iron deficiency

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Early Middle Childhood

• Food allergies
• 1. Adverse reaction to food involving an
• immune response
• 2. Symptoms N/V, skin rash,
• inflammation of nasal passages or
• lungs, asthma
• 3. 75 of all food allergies due to
• eggs, peanuts, milk
• 4. Food allergies tend to decline with age

17
Early Middle Childhood

• Hyperactivity
• 1. Caffeine may cause sleeplessness,
• restlessness, irregular heartbeats
• 2. Other causes desire for attention, lack of
  
• sleep, over stimulation, too much
  T.V. or too
• little exercise
• 3. 5 of children have A.D.H.D. (Attention-
• deficit hyperactivity disorder)
  may require
• drug therapy
• 4. Dietary changes, such as eliminating sugar
  or
• food additives, will not solve
  problem

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Early Middle Childhood

• Food Choices Eating Habits
• A. Nutrition at home parents are
  gatekeepers
• who can foster a childs growth with
• 1. Nourishing food
• 2. Opportunity to play
• 3. A nurturing environment
• B. Habits established in childhood can help
  prevent
• obesity chronic diseases
• C. If child already obese, goal is to prevent
  further
• weight gain until height catches up

19
Adolescence

• Energy Nutrient needs vary depending on
• 1. Growth rate
• 2. Body size
• 3. Physical activity

20
Adolescence

• Pubertal Growth Spurt
• Girls Growth spurt begins at 10-11 yrs.,
• peaks at age 12-14 due to increase
• in body fat start menstruating
• Boys Growth spurt begins at 12-13 yrs.,
• peaks at age 14-16 due to increase
• in muscle and bone

21
Adolescence

• 1. Girls typically need less calories than boys
• 2. Iron calcium needs esp. high due to
  menstruation accelerated bone development.
• 3. Exercise wise food choices esp. important
• to avoid obesity gt 20 of teens overweight,
  esp. girls African-Americans

22
Adolescence

• 4. Obesity related problems include high
• blood pressure, high cholesterol level,
• insulin resistance diabetes mellitus-Type
  2, orthopedic problems
• 5. Athletes vulnerable to developing eating
  disorders

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Adolescence

• Food Choices Healthy Habits
• 1. Snacks eating away from home typical
• 2. Parents can promote good nutrition by
• providing foods of high nutrient density
• at home
• 3. Marijuana enhances the munchies, esp.
• for sweets

24
Adolescence

• 4. Cocaine stimulates the nervous system so
  weight loss is common
• 5. Alcohol soda are empty calorie beverages
• 6. Smokers have higher nutrient needs (Vit. C)