Infancy and Childhood

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Chapter 3

• Babies and small human beings!

• Infancy and Childhood

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Section 1 - Objective

• Physical, Perceptual, and Language Development

• Understand that as infants grow physically, they
  also develop cognitive skills, perceptions, and
  language.

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Define the following vocab words

• Developmental Psychology
• Grasping Reflex
• Rooting Reflex

• Maturation
• Telegraphic speech

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What are the 3 issues developmental psychologists
look at?

• 1) Continuity vs. stages of development
• 2) Stability vs. Change
• 3) Nature vs. Nurture
• Explain each of these

6
What ways are capacities measured in newborns?

• Sucking
• Turning Head
• Looking at/for things
• Cry
• Smile
• Show fright or surprise

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Diagram the Maturation timetable.

• This timeline indicates the amount of time it
  should take an infant to learn simple skills,
  such as motor functions, body support, pulling
  up, crawling, creeping, and walking.
• These are the first signs of intelligence, along
  with the ability to speak and understand words.

• This can be found on page 64 Figure 3.2

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What could cause this timetable to be thrown off?

• Underfed
• Restriction of Movement

• Deprivation of Human Contact
• Under of Over stimulation

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What does the visual cliff experiment teach us?

• Explain this experiment.
• Infants learn through experience.
• What are some other examples of this concept?

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What is one of the 1st signs of great
intellectual development?

• The acquisition of language.
• This is seen by scientists as the only real way
  to tell if a young child has a high intellectual
  capacity. Any other tests could be skewed by
  muscular development or some other intervening
  variable.
• Are there any intervening variables that might
  alter these results.

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How do animals talk to humans, and what makes it
different?

• They uses symbols to communicate simple ideas
  with human beings. Most often this is done with
  sign language. Examples of this can be seen with
  primates learning and using sign language.

• While animals can learn simple sign language,
  they can not use grammar properly. This is due
  to the animals brain not having the capacity for
  this. They will make very simple sentences.

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What are the steps for learning a language?
Student
étudiant
allievo

• 1? Learn to make the signs (symbols)
• 2? Learn meaning of signs (symbols)
• 3? Learn grammar

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Outline a childs language development form 1
year old to 5 years old.

• 1st year- Babbling sounds
• 2nd year- vocab of 5 to 15 hundred words
• 3rd year- use 2 word phrases/ Simple grammar
• 4th year- use of future tense/ ask questions in
  adult form
• 5th year- accumulate 5 -10 vocab words daily /
  complex clause

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Section 1 RecapPhysical, Perceptual, and
Language Development

• Some psychologists believe that most behaviors
  are the result of geneticsnature. Others believe
  that most behaviors are the result of experience
  and learningnurture.
• The newborn is capable of certain inherited,
  automatic, coordinated movement patterns, called
  reflexes, which are triggered by the right
  stimulus.
• Infants experience rapid development through
  maturation and learning.
• Depth perception increases in older infants.
• There are several steps involved in learning
  language.

• Main Idea Infants are born equipped to
  experience the world. As infants grow physically,
  they also develop perceptions and language.

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Section 2 - Objective

• Cognitive and Emotional Development

• Discuss how as the thought processes of children
  develop, they begin to think, communicate and
  relate with others, and solve problems.

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Define the following vocab words

• Schema
• Assimilation
• Accommodation
• Object permanence

• Representational thought
• Conservation
• Egocentric
• Imprinting
• Critical Period

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What 2 things are intellectual development based
on?

• Quantitative Changes
• This is the amount of information

• Qualitative Changes
• This is the manner of thinking

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How are assimilation and accommodation different?

• Assimilation
• Uses a pre-existing schemas

• Accommodation
• Alters schema to new information

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Outline the stages of object permanence.

• 1-7 months? Thinks object ceases to exist
• 7-12 months? will look in close proximity to its
  last appearance
• 12-18 months? Looks in last place seen
• 18-24 months? looks to find in complex places,
  knows it is still there

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Give an example of conservation development.

• This is when a child can not think about height
  and width at the same time. See the example by
  Piaget in the chapter on page 73.

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Chart Piagets stages of Cognitive Development.
23
Explain Harlows experiment. What does it tell
us?

• Explanation

• How this is related to humans

• Monkeys were removed from their mothers at birth
  and placed with other infant monkeys in
  captivity. They were subjected to loud noises
  and flashing lights, to create fear, to see which
  artificial mother they would move to. One mother
  was made of steel wires and had food, the other
  was covered with terry cloth and had no food.
  The majority of the monkeys went to the monkey
  covered with terry cloth.

• Like the monkeys children will seek out comfort.
  This is also the case for adults. This helps to
  explain the importance of touching and human
  contact.
• Coach Simpson will now explain why this is
  important to you and your future children
• May the supreme being help us all if you
  procreate!

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Outline attachment in human infants.
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Explain each of the following

• Secure Attachment
• Needs to be close, but will explore (will come
  back to)

• Avoidant Attachment
• Disapprove of mother leaving (ignore when she
  comes back)

• Resistance Attachment
• Does not care when left alone, but are angry upon
  return

• Disorganized Attachment
• Confused and act inconsistently

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Section 2 RecapCognitive and Emotional
Development

• Childrens knowledge of the world changes
  through the processes of assimilation and
  accommodation.
• Piaget described the changes that occur in
  childrens understanding in four stages of
  cognitive development.
• Infants begin to develop emotionally by
  attaching to specific people, usually their
  mothers.

• Main Idea As the thought processes of children
  develop, they begin to think, communicate and
  relate with others, and solve problems.

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Section 3 - Objective

• Parenting Styles and Social Development

• Describe the social decisions children face as
  they grow and progress through the stages of life.

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Define the following vocab words

• Authoritarian family
• Democratic Family
• Permissive Laissez-faire family

• Socialization
• Identification
• Sublimation
• Role Taking

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What type of family are you from?

• Answer using a TV family

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Why are children from democratic/authoritarian
families more confident?

• Establishment of limits of children
• Response to children with warmth

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What causes children of democratic families to
make decisions better than others?

• 1) Assumptions of responsibility are gradual
• 2) Identify with parents ? they do not treat as
  incompetent
• 3) Parents present a model of responsible,
  cooperative, and independence to be imitated

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Summarize the section on child abuse.

• Effects
• Child has loss trust
• Guilt
• Anti-social behavior
• Depression/ Emotional Problems
• Identity crisis/ Low self esteem

• Causes
• Formerly abused parents
• Low patientce level
• Unrealistic expectations
• Stress
• Children less responsive more difficult to care
  for

• Reduction
• Parent Education
• Child Abuse laws

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What are the dimensions of socialization?

• 1st? Learning the rules
• 2nd? Acquiring identities
• 3rd? Living with others yourself

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Diagram Freuds Stages of Psychosexual
Development.
See also Figure 3.13 on page 82 in textbook
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Diagram Eriksons Stages of Psychosexual
Development.
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Diagram Eriksons Stages of Psychosexual
Development.
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Diagram Eriksons Stages of Psychosexual
Development.
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Diagram Eriksons Stages of Psychosexual
Development.
See also Figue 3.14 on page 84 in your textbook
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Diagram Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development.
Give an example for each stage.

• Pre-Conventional

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Diagram Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development.
Give an example for each stage.

• Conventional

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Diagram Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development.
Give an example for each stage.

• Post-Conventional

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Section 3 RecapParenting Styles and Social
Development

• There are four basic parenting
  stylesauthoritarian, democratic or
  authoritative, permissive or laissez-faire, and
  uninvolved.
• Socialization is the process of learning the
  rules of behavior of ones culture.
• Freuds theory of psychosexual development
  suggests that all children are born with powerful
  sexual and aggressive urges, and in learning to
  control these impulses, children acquire a sense
  of right and wrong.
• Eriksons theory of psychosocial development
  suggests that the need for social approval is
  important.
• The cognitive-developmental theories of
  development suggest that social development is
  the result of the child trying to make sense out
  of his experiences.
• Kohlberg suggested that humans progress through
  six stages of moral reasoning.

• Main Idea Children face various social decisions
  as they grow and progress through the stages of
  life.