Egypt

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Egypt
Link to syllabus
Link to WDI
Link to UM-D Library
Link to Encyclopedia of the Orient
Link to https//ctools.umich.edu/portal
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Egypt map
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Egypt Topographical map
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Link to Egypt Chronology
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Muhammad Ali
Born 1770 in Albania into a military family.
Came to power about 1803. Died in Egypt in 1849.
Spoke Turkish initially. Participated in
military expedition in Egypt against French
stayed and parlayed that into control. Was
instrumental in pushing for development of Egypt
he lessened Ottoman power, but faced
increasing British influence. Encouraged
cotton and sugar cultivation, and new
manufacturing industries. Educational reforms.
Picture from Hassan, In the House of Muhammad Ali
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Muhammad Ali
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Ibrahim Pasha
1789-1848 Ruled briefly in 1848 Son of Muhammad
Ali Seen as being more Egyptian than Ottoman.
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Muhammad Said
1822-1863 (son of Muhammad Ali) Ruled
1854-1863 Friendship with DeLesseps led to
French construction of Suez Canal.
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Ismail
1830-1895 Ruled 1863-1879 Grandson of Muhammad
Ali Created a mess out of the Suez Canal. Was
essentially thrown out of office.
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Early Nationalism in Egypt, 1920s
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King Fuad
1868-1936 King 1922-1936 Negotiated with
Britain the conditions of Egypts independence.
Fought with the Wafd Party this period is
considered to have been quite unstable
politically.
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Saad Zaghul 1857-1927
Born into middle class peasant family. Studied at
Al-Azhar and Egyptian School of Law. Married
daughter of the Prime Minister went on to be
Minister of Education, and of Justice. Dynamic
orator. Founder of the Wafd Party, which asked
to represent Egypt at Versailles. Wafd
instigates disorders in 1918 Zaghul is exiled,
returns to become Prime Minister. (The Wafd is
generally considered to have been a failed
middle class reformist party)
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Talaat Harb 1867-1941
Leading Egyptian economist/businessman who
established the Bank of Egypt (Banque Misr) in
1920. The Bank of Egypt became the center of an
extensive group of companies, owned and managed
by Egyptians, in areas such as textiles,
shipping, publishing, movies, and Egypt Air. The
Bank established branches in several Middle
Eastern Countries.
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Hassan Al-Banna
1905-1949 Father was a watch repairman
he studied to be a teacher at Cairos
Teacher College, and at Al-Azhar. Established
Muslim Brotherhood in 1928 as a youth club,
aimed at moral and social reform. Traveled
widely to set up branches of the Brotherhood in
other countries. Was assassinated by Farouks
secret service agents.
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King Tutankhamon
Discovered 1920
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Egypt Awakening
Sculpture by Mahmoud Mukhtar, 1928. Example of
nationalism, based on Pharaonic images,
mixed with modernism symbolized by peasant woman
lifting her veil. Now positioned at the
entrance of Cairo University
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Tears of Isis
Painting by Mohamed Naghi 1937 Resurrection of
the goddess Isis, mourning her murdered husband
Osiris, whom she was eventually able to bring
back to life through her divine powers. This
painter was important in establishing strands of
the new (post WWI) Egyptian nationalism. Modern
Egyptian woman, Eternal peasants, Valley of the
Kings, Pharaonic images.
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King Farouk
1920-1965 (died in exile) King 1936-1952 Tried
to keep Egypt neutral during WWII. Was not able
to work with Wafd and other opposition groups.
Became infamous for decadent life
style Overthrown by coup of the Free Officers,
from which Nasser emerged.
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King Farouk
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Princess Fawzia
Sister of King Farouk About the time she
married the Shah of Iran
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Prince Husseins Palace, near Cairo
From Hassan, In the House of Muhammad Ali
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Part of the palace of Mohamad Ali in the Citadel,
Cairo
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Said Pashas Palace
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Egypt Rice Vendor, Cairo 1870s
Source Perez Focus East Early Photographs in the
Near East p. 174
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Egypt Water Carriers, Cairo 1880s
Source Perez, Focus East Early Photographs in
the Near East, p. 133
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Egypt Al-Azhar University, 1880s
Photo taken by G. Lekegian. Photograph title
given in source book. Source Perez Focus East
Early Photographs in the Near East p.69
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Gamel Abdel Nasser
1918-1970 President 1954-1970 Son of a postman.
Studied at a military academy participated in
1948 war. Nationalist. Leader of coup.
Secularist Promulgated Arab Socialism, and had
short union with Syria. Land reform-directed at
political enemies. After Britain and US denied
funds for Aswan Dam, he nationalized Suez Canal
in 1956. Led country into defeat in 1967 War.
Died of a heart attack.
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Nasser is important, because
Egyptian, born of humble origins. Was a
nationalist. Military man. Came to power by a
coup Secularist (actually fought with the Muslim
Brotherhood). Economic Policy
Nationalizations, of foreign firms, Egyptian
firms, Suez Canal Land Reform (not
particularly successful not enough land)
Protectionist, pushed industrialization
Aswan dam (eventually financed by
USSR) Pan-Arabist Union with Syria
(short-lived). Third World leader. War with
Israel in 1967. His successor, Anwar Sadat,
reversed Nassers policies in important ways.
Sadat pushed for economic liberalization, and
eventually signed peace treaty with Israel.
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Gamel Abdel Nasser 1918-1970
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Nasser and Nehru
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Anwar Sadat
1918-1981 President 1970-1981 Had military
education, participated in Young Officers Coup.
Is judged to have re-directed Egypts Destiny
towards the west-USUK. After losing 1973 June
War, he visited Jerusalem in 1977 to discuss
peace, which led to Camp David Accords and
Nobel Prize, but isolation in Arab world, and
his assassination by army soldiers during
a military parade.
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Anwar Sadat 1918-1981
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Handshake Sadat-Begin-Carter. Camp David
September, 1978
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Sadats Assassination, October 6, 1981
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Hosni Mubarak
Born 1928 President 1981- Born to an upper
middle class family, he studied military school
and briefly in USSR. Has maintained Sadats
western orien- tation, with some economic
liberalization and political openings to
Muslim Brotherhood and Islamists, although he has
run un-opposed in his own elections. Supported
sanctions against Iraq, Gulf Wars. Important
link to Palestinians. Escaped assassination in
1995? in Ethiopia.
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Mubarak and Bush
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Gamal Mubarak
1963- Second son of current president, Hosni
Mubarak. MBA from AUC. Head of NDP (ruling
party). Widely suspected of being groomed to
succeed his father, although this is denied by
both.
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Egypts current Cabinet
http//www.egyptiancabinet.gov.eg/Cabinet/Cabinet.
asp
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Spread of irrigation in Egyptian Delta
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Egypt Ag GDP
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Egyptian GDP/Capita, on a semi-log graph