DIABETES MELLITUS

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DIABETES MELLITUS
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What is Diabetes?

• A disease in which the body does not produce or
  properly use insulin.
• Insulin in the hormone needed to convert sugar in
  food to useable form of energy.
• Type I Juvenile Onset or Insulin Dependent
• Type II Adult onset (historically)/Non-Insulin
  Dependent now also Juvenile onset!

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Type I Diabetes

• Disorder of the immune system bodys immune
  system attacks and destroys beta cells in
  pancreas-these cells produce insulin.
• Insulin is the hormone that helps move sugar
  contained in food into cells in body for energy
  production.
• Body fails to produce insulin-the key needed to
  unlock the cells for glucose to enter and fuel
  them. A build up of glucose in blood occurs and
  may damage vital organs.
• 5-10 of Americans have been diagnosed with Type
  I diabetes

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Warning Signs of Type I Diabetes

• Extreme Thirst
• Frequent Urination
• Drowsiness/Lack of energy
• Sugar in Urine
• Sudden Vision Changes
• Increased Appetite
• Sudden Weight Loss
• Fruity, sweet, wine-like odor on breath
• Heavy, labored breathing

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Cause of Type I Diabetes

• Typically children, teenagers and/or young adults
  are diagnosed with Type I (before 30 yrs. Old)
• Scientists do not know exactly what causes it,
  however, genetic, autoimmune disorders, and
  environmental factors are involved.
• Controlled with insulin.
• Cannot be cured.

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Impact on our Society

• 1 child every hour is diagnosed with Type I
  diabetes!
• Each Year
• Over 13,000 children are diagnosed with Type I
• Approximately 30,000 Americans are diagnosed

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Risks for developing Type I

• If Mother had diabetes Risk is 2-4
• If Father had diabetes Risk is 6-8
• The younger the age of the parent who developed
  diabetes, the greater risk of child developing
  diabetes.
• Scientists have identified a gene mutation
  (SUMO-4) that, when present, increases risk of dz.

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Type II Diabetes

• Body is insulin resistant body fails to properly
  use the insulin produced or there is a lack of
  insulin being produced or a combination of the
  two.
• Can be managed by exercise, diet and weight
  maintenance.
• Insulin therapy may be needed.
• Most Americans diagnosed are Type II and this is
  one the rise.

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Signs and Symptoms of Type II

• Same symptoms as Type I
• Increased thirst
• Frequent hunger
• Frequent urination
• Weight Loss
• Fatigue
• Blurred vision
• Slow healing sores or frequent infections
  (bladder and vaginal infections in women)
• Patches of dark, velvety skin in armpits and neck

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Diagnosis of Diabetes

• Blood Screenings
• Random Blood Sample non-fasting of 200mg/dL or
  higher suggests diabetes
• Fasting Blood Sugar sample
• 70-100mg/dL Normal
• 100-125mg/dL Pre-diabetic (High Risk of
  developing diabetes)
• 126 mg/dL on two separate tests Diabetic
• Oral glucose tolerance test drink 1 then 2 hrs.
  Blood sugar that rises abnormallydiabetic
• Age 45 and over should be screened regularly

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How to Control Diabetes

• Insulin Dependent carry injections with them in
  a small pack.
• Adult onset can be controlled through exercise
  and diet. Some must take pills to regulate
  insulin.

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Risk Factors for Diabetes

• Obesity
• Apple-shaped figure (pear vs. apple) Waist to hip
  ratio
• Age
• Sedentary Lifestyle
• Family History (1st degree relative higher)
• History of Diabetes in Pregnancy
• Impaired glucose tolerance
• Ethnic History (2-6x higher for Aboriginal,
  African, Latin American, or Asian ancestory)
• High Blood Pressure
• High Cholesterol or Triglycerides

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The Pancreas

• http//www.mayoclinic.com/health/blood-sugar/MM006
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