SOME ASPECTS OF STRANGE MATTER : STARS AND STRANGELETS

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Centre for Astroparticle Physics and Space
Sciences A National Facility at Bose
Institute (A project under IRHPA
Scheme) Sibaji Raha Bose Institute Kolkata
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Acharya J.C. Bose (1858 1937)
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Thus the lines of physics, of physiology and
psychology converge and meet. And here will
assemble those who would seek oneness amidst the
manifold Acharya J.C.Bose
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Genesis Mission

• Drawn by Nationalist zeal,
• Missionary vision,
• Faith in the ability of
  Indians
• Not merely a laboratory but a temple
• 1896 visit to Royal Institution, London
• Took firm roots of the Idea
• 1915 Retirement from Education Service
• 1917 Bose Institute was Founded

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And in this country through millenniums, there
always have been some who, beyond the immediate
and absorbing prize of the hour, sought for the
realization of the highest ideal of life not
through passive renunciation, but through active
struggle
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The advancement of science is the principal
object of the Institute, and also the diffusion
of knowledge
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In this institutethe claim of art has not been
forgotten, for the artist has been working with
us, from foundation to pinnacle and from floor to
ceiling of this very hall.
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And beyond the arch, the laboratory merges
imperceptibly into the garden which is true
laboratory for the study of life. There the
creepers, the plants and trees are played upon by
natural environment, sunlight and wind and where
they will be subjected to chromatic action of
different lights, to invisible rays, to
electrified ground or thunder-charged atmosphere.
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India is drawn into the vortex of international
competition. She has to become efficient in every
way through spread of education, through
performance of civic duties and responsibilities,
through activities both industrial and
commercial. Neglect of these essentials of
national duty will imperil her very existence.
Acharya J.C.Bose
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• Origin
• In-house expertise Need for consolidation
• Darjeeling Campus Location Opportunities
• (a) Cosmic Ray
• (b) Atmospheric Chemistry
• (c) Radiometric studies

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• Four major programmes
• 1. Cosmic ray studies at high altitude
• 2. Changing airspace environment in Eastern
  Himalayas
• 3. Childrens science resource centre
• 4. Manpower development training programmes

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Cosmic Ray studies
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Electrons electric cherge - EM force
Photon Quarks - Colour Charge - Strong force
Gluon
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Quark three colours - Red , Blue , Green
Gluons eight - red anti-blue and other
combinations Mesons quarkantiquark
colouranticolour WHITE Baryons three quarks
redbluegreen - WHITE
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• H- matter ? P.T. ? Q matter
• SQM ? Ground state of matter
• First idea Bodmer (1971)
• Resurrected Witten (1984)
• Stable SQM Conflict with
• experience ????
• 2-flavour energy gt 3-flavour
• Lowering due to extra Fermi well
• Stable QM ? 3-flavour matter
• Stable SQM ? significant amount
• s quarks
• For nuclei ? high order of weak
• interaction to convert u d to s

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• SQM Strangelet Search
• SQM
• Early universe quark-hadron phase transition
• Quark nugget ? MACHO
• 2. Compact stars (Core of Neutron Stars or Quark
  Stars)
• Strangelets
• Heavy Ion Collision
• Short time
• Much smaller size A 10-20
• Stability Problem at high temperature
  
• 2. Cosmic Ray events
• Collision of Strange stars or other
  strange objects Shower

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Detection of strangelets ? Propagation mechanism
of strangelets ? How far can it travel through
atmosphere ? How does it interact with atmosphere
? Important observations ? Stability of strange
matter ? Small positive charge ? massive s
quark ? Z/A ?? 1
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• Remarks
• ? Detection of strangelets Passive
  detectors
• ? Active detectors Air shower studies in
  collaboration

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Study of Changing airspace environment in
Eastern Himalayas
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• Indo-Gangetic plane
• ? Agricultural as well as Industrial
  activity
• ? Source of atmospheric pollutants
• ? Vulnerable place from changing
  environment
• Himalaya is subject to
• (a) emissions from IGP regions
• (b) pollutants transported from long
  distances
• Himalaya Unique place to monitor airspace
• environment

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• Eastern Himalaya wet with rich forest cover
  and
• lesser
  population
• Western Himalaya dry, scanty forest cover and
• high
  population
• Monitoring stations
• Mostly in western Himalaya

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Eastern Himalaya Monitoring stations
Pyramid Station 5034 meters
Sandakphu 4200 meters
Kathmandu ICIMOD-UCSD Station
Darjeeling 2500 meters
North Bengal University, Siliguri
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Physical Environment
Chemical Environment
Monitoring of trans-boundary pollutants
H2O mm waves O3, CO, NOx, SO2 Trace
Species Aerosols Scattering/ Absorbing
Met Data
3-D Trajectories
Eastern Himalayas
23.8 GHz (Water Vapour) 31.4 GHz (Liquid
Water) Distrometers (DSD)
Radio Environment
Emission Inventories
Air Pollutant Dispersal 3-D Chemical Modeling
Chemical, Physical, and Radio Mapping of the
region
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• Project II-AI (IITM)
• Atmospheric Chemistry-Aerosol-Climate Interaction
• Objectives  To monitor physical, chemical and
  optical characteristics of aerosols under
  different air mass situations   To
  investigate the role of radiative forcing of
  aerosols in the climate system using experimental
  observations and model computations  To assess
  the influence of terrain / meteorological
  conditions on aerosol parameters

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• Project II-AII (NPL)
• Chemical behaviour of aerosols, greenhouse gases,
  trajectory analysis and impact of particulate
  matter loading on human health
• Objectives  To monitor greenhouse gases and
  pollutants for understanding trans-boundary flow
    To investigate the chemical characteristics
  of aerosols and back trajectory analysis for
  source apportionment  To assess the impacts of
  particulate matter loading on human health

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• Expected outcome
• Mass-size distribution of aerosols
• Monthly, seasonal and diurnal variation of
  aerosol, trace and green house gas, partulate
  matter concentrations
• Influence of meteorological parameters on air
  pollutants
• Chemical composition of precipitation and
  aerosols
• Impacts of aerosol loading on atmospheric
  radiative forcing
• Trans-boundary flow of pollutants
• Impact of pollutants on regional climate
• Relation between atmospheric pollution loading
  and human health hazards

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• Various measurements, as mentioned below, will be
  undertaken. Continuous monitoring will take place
  at the Darjeeling site and measurements at
  Siliguri and Sandakphu will be made in campaign
  mode. These measurements at varying altitudes
  will provide some information about height
  profiles.
• Atmospheric surface ozone
• Columnar ozone (indirect)
• Radiation measurements including UV radiation
• Trace and Green House gases (NO2, SO2, NOx, SOx,
  CO, CO2, CH4 and N2O)
• Physical and chemical characteristics of Aerosols
  (Scattering/absorbing) including carbonaceous
  aerosols
• Precipitation chemistry
• Biogenic organic particulate matter
• Meteorological Parameters

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Project II-B

• STUDIES ON ATMOSPHERIC WATER VAPOUR AND CLOUD
  LIQUID WATER USING DUAL FREQUENCY RADIOMETER AND
  RELATED RAIN/FOG ENVIRONMENT AT THE HIGH ALTITUDE
  STATION AT DARJEELING

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• IWV and LWP with a dual-frequency radiometer
  operating at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz.
• Rain attenuation over earth-space paths by
  receiving satellite signals at Ku/Ka bands.
• Rain rate with an optical rain-gauge
• Rain drop size distribution with a Disdrometer.
• The following studies are proposed with the
  above-mentioned experimental measurements
• Variation of atmospheric water vapour, cloud
  liquid water content with time season, season,
  and their relationship with surface weather
  parameters, such as, temperature, relative
  humidity etc.
• Modelling of cloud liquid water content and
  comparison of the derived model with the
  available global models.
• To indicate the inter-relationship between IWP
  and LWP
• To relate the rain attenuation over earth-space
  paths with the rain rate at the receiving site of
  satellite signal that will give an integrated
  picture of rain rate over the satellite path.
• To relate rain DSD with radiometric observations
  during rain. Also, rain DSD will provide liquid
  water content in rain, which may be related with
  IWV and LWP. These integrated measurements will
  be used to study the interrelation among cloud
  liquid water, water vapour and rain at Darjeeling

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• Childrens Science Resource Centre

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• 1. Formation of science clubs in schools
• 2. Train them to record local meteorological
  data
• 3. Once in a month meeting, recording of data
  taken
• by students in the central data base
• 4. Train some of the interested students for
  cosmic ray
• experiments
• 5. Introductory level lectures by scientists

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Manpower development
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• Workshops and summer schools on various
• aspects of the
• cosmic ray physics
• Instrumentation
• Environmental science
• Weather modeling studies
• Numerical simulation
• with hands-on training
• Aimed at Masters level and beginning doctoral
• students

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Thank You
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• Cosmic rays
• Cosmic rays are high energy charged particles,
  originating in outer space, that travel at nearly
  the speed of light and strike the Earth from all
  directions.
• Cosmic ray ions at the top of the energy
  range produce in the atmosphere showers of many
  millions of fragments, covering many acres, and
  their more energetic fragments register even in
  deep mines, a mile underground. back

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