Becoming an Industrialized Urban Society: 18801890

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Becoming an Industrialized Urban Society
1880-1890

• Chapter 18

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Impact of Industrialization

• Industrial growth focused on production
• Often for industry - steel for railroads
• Once initial demand over
• Look for new needs to satisfy
• Led to inventions

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Thomas A. Edison
1868 Invented the electrical vote recorder.
1869 Invented the universal stock ticker and
the unison stop. 1872 Invented the motograph.
Invented the automatic telegraph system.
Invented duplex, quadruplex, sextuplex, and
multiplex telegraph systems. Invented
paraffin paper. Invented the carbon rheostat.
http//www.tomedison.org/invent.html
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Thomas A. Edison
1875 Discovered "Etheric Force," - foundation of
wireless telegraphy. 1876 Invented the
electric pen used for the first mimeographs.
1877 Invented the carbon telephone transmitter,
- telephony commercially practical.
1877 Invented the phonograph.
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Thomas A. Edison

• 1879 Discovered incandescent light. Radically
  improved dynamos and generators.
• Discovered a system of distribution,
  regulation, and measurement of electric
  current-switches, fuses, sockets, and meters.
  
• 1880 Invented the magnetic ore separator.
• 1880 Discovered the "Edison Effect," the
  fundamental principle of electronics.

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Thomas A. Edison

• 1885 Discovered a system of wireless induction
  telegraph between moving trains and stations.
• 1891 Invented the motion picture camera.
• 1896 Invented the fluoroscope.
• Invented the fluorescent electric lamp.

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Impact?

• Consumerism
• Sales of electrical equipment
• 1870 - negligible
• 1880 - 2 million
• 1890 22 million
• Result - more new businesses

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New Businesses

• Advertising
• Retail
• Department Stores
• R.H. Macys
• Wanamakers
• Marshall Fields
• Catalogues
• Investment banking

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Growth of Business

• Good or Bad?

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Industry Moves South

• Railroads grew
• Textiles
• Result

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The Worker

• As industry developed in the 1830s
• Role changed
• Status Changed
• Now - a part of the cost of production
• Raw Materials labor plant

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Worker Reaction

• Sporadic work stoppages
• Great Railway Strike 1877
• Haymarket Riot - Chicago 1886

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Labor Unrest
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Union Labor

• Knights of Labor
• Terence V. Powderly
• the producing class

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Union Labor

• American Federation of Labor
• Samuel Gompers
• National trade unions

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Immigration
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Where Will They Live?

• Cities
• Neighborhoods
• Changes
• Skyscrapers
• Public transportation
• Infrastructure
• Central business district

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Immigration
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Foreign Born Population of the US 18701920
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Urban and Rural Population of the US 18601910
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Nativism

• What is an American?
• Image
• Reality
• Events in Europe
• Fear of radicals
• American Protective Association

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Election of 1880

• Division in Republican Party
• Stalwarts - the South
• Radical Republicans
• Union war veterans
• Political bosses - Roscoe Conkling
• Half-Breeds
• Moderates
• James G. Blaine
• Nominees
• James Garfield
• Chester A. Arthur

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Road to Reform

• Garfield assassinated July 1881
• Charles Guiteau
• a Stalwart of the Stalwarts
• Pendleton Act

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Federal Receipts and Expenditures 18651901
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Middle Class

• New corporate structure
• Education
• Kindergarten
• Attendance laws
• College
• Women
• College
• Social aspects

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Number of First Degrees Awarded by Colleges and
Universities 18701920
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America and the World

• Contiguous expansion
• Limited contacts - trade
• Alaska - Russia desire to sell
• William H. Seward
• Unique - statehood future?
• Canada - Sen. Charles Sumner
• Alabama claims

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America and Pacific

• China - European influence
• Opium Wars
• Most-favored nations status
• Sandwich Islands - HawaiI
• Missionaries
• King Kalakaua - sugar
• Haole businessmen - constitution

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Summary

• Industrial growth impacted consumer
• Consumer culture
• Products for home
• New industries
• Growth needed workers
• Immigrants
• Changing role of worker and reaction
• Growth of cities Middle Class

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Thomas A. Edison
1875 Discovered "Etheric Force," an electric
phenomenon that is the foundation of wireless
telegraphy. 1876 Invented the electric pen used
for the first mimeographs. 1877 Invented the
carbon telephone transmitter, making telephony
commercially practical. This included the
microphone used in radio. 1877 Invented the
phonograph.
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Setting the Stage
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Stalwarts
The Stalwarts , the conservative faction, saw
themselves as "stalwart in opposition to Hayes'
efforts to reconcile with the South. They
opposed all forms of reform, preferring to keep
in place the existing patronage system. Among
their numbers were many Radical Republicans,
Union war veterans and most of the Republican
political bosses. The Stalwarts also backed the
protective tariff and sought a third term for
U.S. Grant in 1880. Roscoe Conkling of New York
was the most prominent Stalwart leader.
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Half-Breeds
The Half-Breeds, a term of disparagement
ginned-up by the Stalwarts, was applied to the
moderate faction of the Republican Party. They
backed Hayes' lenient treatment of the South and
supported moderate civil service reform. James G.
Blaine of Maine was the leader of this group, but
failed to win the party nomination in 1876 and
1880. James A. Garfield was also affiliated with
the Half-Breeds.