United States Judiciary System

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United States Judiciary System

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Title: United States Judiciary System

1
United States Judiciary System
2
The Federal Court System
3
The Structure
4
The Supreme Court
5
About the Supreme Court

The highest judicial body in the United States.
It is the highest appellate court and deals
primarily with constitutional issues.
There are 9 justices
Chief Justice John Roberts
Justice John Paul Stevens
Justice Antonin Scalia
Justice Anthony Kennedy
Justice David Souter
Justice Clarence Thomas
Justice Ruth Bader Ginsberg
Justice Stephen Breyer
Justice Samuel Alito
Justices are appointed to serve for life, they
can be removed only by resignation, or by
impeachment and subsequent conviction.

6
Appellate Courts
7
About Appellate Courts

A court of appeals decides appeals from the
district courts within its federal judicial
circuit, and in some instances from other
designated federal courts and administrative
agencies.
There are 12 Regional Circuit Court of Appeals
and 1 U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal
Circuit.

8
D.C. Circuit

Located in Washington D.C.
District includes
District of Colombia
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 13 circuit judges.

Judges include
Chief Judge Douglas H. Ginsburg
David B. Sentelle
Karen L. Henderson
Arthur Raymond Randolph
Judith Ann Wilson Rogers
David S. Tatel
Merrick B. Garland
Janice Rogers Brown
Thomas B. Griffith
Brett M. Kavanaugh
Harry T. Edwards
Laurence H. Silberman
James L. Buckley
Stephen F. Williams

9
1st Circuit

Located in Boston
District includes
Maine
Massachussettes
New Hampshire
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 8 circuit judges.
There is 1 vacant seat.

Judges include
Chief judge Michael Boudin
Juan R. Torruella
Sandra Lea Lynch
Kermit Victor Lipez
Jeffrey R. Howard
Levin Hicks Campbell
Conrad Keefe Cyr
Norman H. Stahl
Bruce Marshall Selya

10
2nd Circuit

Located in New York
District includes
Conneticut
Vermont
New York
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 22 circuit judges.
There is 1 vacant seat.

Judges include
Chief Judge Dennis G. Jacobs
Guido Calabresi
José A. Cabranes
Chester J. Straub
Rosemary S. Pooler
Robert D. Sack
Sonia Sotomayor
Robert A. Katzmann
Barrington Daniels Parker, Jr.
Reena Raggi
Richard C. Wesley
Peter W. Hall
Wilfred Feinberg
James Lowell Oakes
Thomas Joseph Meskill
Amalya Lyle Kearse
Jon Ormond Newman
Richard J. Cardamone

11
3rd Circuit

Located in Philadelphia
District includes
Delaware
New Jersey
Pennsylvania
U.S. Virgin Islands
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 20 circuit judges.
There are currently 3 vacant seats.

Judges include
Chief Judge Anthony Joseph Scirica
Dolores Korman Sloviter
Theodore Alexander McKee
Marjorie Rendell
Maryanne Trump Barry
Thomas L. Ambro
Julio M. Fuentes
D. Brooks Smith
D. Michael Fisher
Michael A. Chagares
Kent A. Jordan
Ruggero J. Aldisert
Joseph Francis Weis, Jr.
Leonard I. Garth
Walter King Stapleton
Morton Ira Greenberg
Robert E. Cowen
Richard Lowell Nygaard

12
4th Circuit

Located in Richmond
District includes
Maryland
North Carolina
South Carolina
Virginia
West Virginia
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 14 circuit judges.
There are 3 vacant seats.
Chief Judge Wilkins has announced that he will
take senior status as of July 1, 2007.
Judge Karen J. Williams will be the next Chief
Judge.

Judges include
Chief Judge William Walter Wilkins
Hiram Emory Widener, Jr.
James Harvie Wilkinson III
Paul V. Niemeyer
Karen J. Williams
M. Blane Michael
Diana Jane Gribbon Motz
William Byrd Traxler, Jr.
Robert Bruce King
Roger L. Gregory
Dennis W. Shedd
Allyson Kay Duncan
James Dickson Phillips, Jr.
Robert Foster Chapman
Clyde H. Hamilton

13
5th Circuit

Located in New Orleans
District includes
Louisiana
Mississippi
Texas
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 18 circuit judges.
There are 2 vacant seats.

Judges include
Chief Judge Edith Jones
Carolyn Dineen King
E. Grady Jolly
W. Eugene Davis
Jerry Edwin Smith
Rhesa Hawkins Barksdale
Jacques Loeb Wiener, Jr.
Emilio M. Garza
Harold R. DeMoss, Jr.
Fortunato Benavides
Carl E. Stewart
James L. Dennis
Edith Brown Clement
Edward C. Prado
Priscilla Owen
Thomas Morrow Reavley
William Lockhart Garwood
Patrick Higginbotham

14
6th Circuit

Located in Cincinnati
District includes
Kentucky
Michigan
Ohio
Tennessee
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 26 circuit judges.
There are 2 vacant seats.

Judges include
Chief Judge Danny Julian Boggs
Boyce F. Martin, Jr.
Alice M. Batchelder
Martha Craig Daughtrey
Karen Nelson Moore
R. Guy Cole, Jr.
Eric L. Clay
Ronald Lee Gilman
Julia Smith Gibbons
John M. Rogers
Jeffrey S. Sutton
Deborah L. Cook
David W. McKeague
Richard Allen Griffin
Pierce Lively
Albert J. Engel, Jr.
Damon J. Keith
Gilbert Stroud Merritt, Jr.

15
7th Circuit

Located in Chicago
District includes
Illinois
Indiana
Wisconsan
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 15 circuit judges.

Judges include
Chief Judge Frank H. Easterbrook
Richard Posner
Joel Martin Flaum
Kenneth Francis Ripple
Daniel Anthony Manion
Michael Stephen Kanne
Ilana Rovner
Diane Pamela Wood
Terence T. Evans
Ann Claire Williams
Diane S. Sykes
Thomas E. Fairchild
William Joseph Bauer
Harlington Wood, Jr.
Richard Dickson Cudahy
John Louis Coffey

16
8th Circuit

Located in St. Louis
District includes
Arkansas
Iowa
Minnesota
Missouri
Nebraska
North Dakota
South Dakota
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 20 circuit judges.

Judges include
Chief Judge James B. Loken
Roger Leland Wollman
Diana E. Murphy
Kermit Edward Bye
William J. Riley
Michael Joseph Melloy
Lavenski R. Smith
Steven M. Colloton
Raymond W. Gruender
William Duane Benton
Bobby E. Shepherd
Donald Pomery Lay
Myron H. Bright
Donald Roe Ross
John R. Gibson
George Gardner Fagg
Pasco Bowman II
Frank J. Magill

17
9th Circuit

Located in San Francisco
District includes
Alaska
Arizona
California
Guam
Hawaii
Idaho
Montana
Nevada
Northern Mariana Islands
Oregon
Washington
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 48 circuit judges.
There are 2 vacant seats.

Judges include
Chief Judge Mary M. Schroeder
Harry Pregerson
Stephen Reinhardt
Alex Kozinski
Diarmuid Fionntain O'Scannlain
Pamela Ann Rymer
Andrew Jay Kleinfeld
Michael Daly Hawkins
Sidney Runyan Thomas
Barry G. Silverman
Susan Graber
M. Margaret McKeown
Kim McLane Wardlaw
William A. Fletcher
Raymond C. Fisher
Ronald M. Gould
Richard A. Paez
Marsha L. Berzon

18
9th Circuit (continued)

Judges include
Sandra Segal Ikuta
Richard R. Clifton
Milan Smith
James R. Browning
Alfred Theodore Goodwin
J. Clifford Wallace
Joseph Tyree Sneed III
Procter Ralph Hug, Jr.
Betty Binns Fletcher
Otto Richard Skopil, Jr.
Joseph Jerome Farris
Arthur Lawrence Alarcon
Warren John Ferguson
Dorothy Wright Nelson
William Cameron Canby, Jr.
Robert Boochever
Robert R. Beezer
Cynthia Holcomb Hall

19
10th Circuit

Located in Denver
District includes
Colorado
Kansas
New Mexico
Oklahoma
Utah
Wyoming
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 21 circuit judges.

Judges include
Chief Judge Deanell Reese Tacha
Paul Joseph Kelly, Jr.
Robert Harlan Henry
Mary Beck Briscoe
Carlos F. Lucero
Michael R. Murphy
Harris L. Hartz
Terrence L. O'Brien
Michael W. McConnell
Timothy M. Tymkovich
Neil M. Gorsuch
Jerome A. Holmes
William Judson Holloway, Jr.
Robert Hugh McWilliams, Jr.
James Emmett Barrett
Monroe G. McKay
Stephanie Kulp Seymour
John Carbone Porfilio

20
11th Circuit

Located in Atlanta
District includes
Alabama
Florida
Georgia
There is 1 chief judge.
There are 18 circuit judges.

Judges include
Chief Judge James Larry Edmondson
Gerald Bard Tjoflat
R. Lanier Anderson III
Stanley F. Birch, Jr.
Joel Fredrick Dubina
Susan Harrell Black
Edward Earl Carnes
Rosemary Barkett
Frank M. Hull
Stanley Marcus
Charles R. Wilson
William H. Pryor, Jr.
John Cooper Godbold
Paul Hitch Roney
James Clinkscales Hill
Peter Thorp Fay
Phyllis A. Kravitch
Thomas Alonzo Clark

21
Federal Circuit Court

Located in Washington D.C.
There is 1 Chief Judge.
There are 16 circuit judges.

Judges include
Chief Judge Paul Redmond Michel
Pauline Newman
Haldane Robert Mayer
Alan David Lourie
Randall Ray Rader
Alvin Anthony Schall
William Curtis Bryson
Arthur J. Gajarsa
Richard Linn
Timothy B. Dyk
Sharon Prost
Kimberly Ann Moore
Arnold Wilson Cowen
Daniel Mortimer Friedman
Glenn Leroy Archer, Jr.
S. Jay Plager
Raymond Charles Clevenger III

22
Trial Courts
23
U.S. District Courts

The United States district courts are the general
trial courts of the United States federal court
system.
Both civil and criminal cases are filed in the
district court, which is a court of both law and
equity.
There is a United States bankruptcy court
associated with each United States district
court.

24
U.S. District Court Judges

A judge of a United States District Court is
officially titled a United States District
Judge.
The number of judges in each District Court, and
the structure of the judicial system generally,
is set by Congress in the Judicial Code.
The President appoints all life-tenured federal
judges, subject to the approval of the Senate.
District judges usually concentrate on managing
their courts overall caseload, supervising
trials, and writing opinions in response to
important motions like the motion for summary
judgment.

25
Senior District Court Judges

A judge who has reached the age of 65 (or has
become disabled) may retire or elect to go on
senior status and keep working.
Senior judges are not counted in the quota of
active judges for the district.
They do only whatever work they are assigned by
the chief judge of the district.
They keep their chambers and staff, and many of
them work full-time.

26
Magistrate Judges

Magistrate judges are appointed by the life-term
federal district judges of a particular court.
They serve terms of eight years if full-time, or
four years if part-time.
They may be reappointed.
Federal magistrate judges are not Article III
judges with guaranteed lifetime employment.
A magistrate is an Article I judge.
They are hired and supervised by district judges
like any other court employee, and they can be
fired at any time for any rational reason.

27
What a Magistrate Does

Since the 1960s, routine tasks like resolving
discovery disputes can, in the district judges
discretion, be referred to magistrate judges.
Magistrate judges issue warrants, handle lesser
criminal cases, arraignments, sentencing, habeas
corpus cases not involving death sentences,
social security appeals, and certain kinds of
civil cases where the parties have consented to a
magistrate handling the case.
Magistrate judges can also be requested to
prepare reports and recommendations on contested
matters for the district judges consideration
or, with the consent of all parties, to assume
complete jurisdiction over a case including
conducting the trial.

28
Important Judges in the area of Discovery

U.S. District Judge James M. Rosenbaum
Chief Judge for the District of Minnesota
U.S. District Judge Lee H. Rosenthal
For the Southern District of Texas
U.S. District Judge Shira A. Shiendlin
For the Southern District of New York
Senior U.S. District Judge Robert D. Potter
For the Western District of North Carolina
U.S. Magistrate Judge John M. Facciola
For the District of Columbia
U.S. Magistrate Judge Paul W. Grimm
For the District of Maryland
U.S. Magistrate Judge Ronald J. Hedges
For the District of New Jersey
U.S. Magistrate Judge John J. Hughes
For the District of New Jersey
U.S. Magistrate Judge Nan R. Nolan
For the Northern District of Illinois
U.S. Magistrate Judge Andrew J. Peck

29
List of U.S. District Courts

United States District Court for the Middle
District of Alabama (M.D.Ala.)
United States District Court for the Northern
District of Alabama (N.D.Ala.)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Alabama (S.D.Ala..)
United States District Court for the District of
Alaska (D.Aka.)
United States District Court for the District of
Arizona (D.Ariz.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Arkansas (E.D.Ark.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Arkansas (W.D.Ark.)
United States District Court for the Central
District of California (C.D.Cal.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of California (E.D.Cal.)
United States District Court for the Northern
District of California (N.D.Cal.)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of California (S.D.Cal.)
United States District Court for the District of
Colorado (D.Col.)
United States District Court for the District of
Connecticut (D.Conn.)
United States District Court for the District of
Delaware (D.Del.)
United States District Court for the District of
Columbia (D.D.C.)
United States District Court for the Middle
District of Florida (M.D.Fla.)
United States District Court for the Northern
District of Florida (N.D.Fla.)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Florida (S.D.Fla.)
United States District Court for the Middle
District of Georgia (M.D.Ga.)

30
List of U.S. District Courts

United States District Court for the Northern
District of Indiana (N.D.Ind.)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Indiana (S.D.Ind.)
United States District Court for the Northern
District of Iowa (N.D.Iowa)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Iowa (S.D.Iowa)
United States District Court for the District of
Kansas (D.Kan.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Kentucky (E.D.Ky.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Kentucky (W.D.Ky.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Louisiana (E.D.La.)
United States District Court for the Middle
District of Louisiana (M.D.La.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Louisiana (W.D.La.)
United States District Court for the District of
Maine (D.Maine)
United States District Court for the District of
Maryland (D.Md.)
United States District Court for the District of
Massachusetts (D.Mass.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Michigan (E.D.Mich.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Michigan (W.D.Mich.)
United States District Court for the District of
Minnesota (D.Minn.)
United States District Court for the Northern
District of Mississippi (N.D.Miss.)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Mississippi (S.D.Miss.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Missouri (E.D.Mo.)

31
List of U.S. District Courts

United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Tennessee (E.D.Tenn.)
United States District Court for the Middle
District of Tennessee (M.D.Tenn.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Tennessee (W.D.Tenn.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Texas (E.D.Tex.)
United States District Court for the Northern
District of Texas (N.D.Tex.)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of Texas (S.D.Tex.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Texas (W.D.Tex.)
United States District Court for the District of
Utah (D.Utah)
United States District Court for the District of
Vermont (D.Vt.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Virginia (E.D.Va.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Virginia (W.D.Va.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Washington (E.D.Wash.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Washington (W.D.Wash.)
United States District Court for the Northern
District of West Virginia (N.D.W.Va.)
United States District Court for the Southern
District of West Virginia (S.D.W.Va.)
United States District Court for the Eastern
District of Wisconsin (E.D.Wis.)
United States District Court for the Western
District of Wisconsin (W.D.Wis.)
United States District Court for the District of
Wyoming (D.Wyo.)

32
The State Court System
33
Typical Structure

Each state has their own court structure.
However, most follow this common model.
Courts of first instances.
Intermediate courts of appeals.
Courts of last resort.

34
State Judgeship

There are five routes to a judgeship in any one
of the 50 states
partisan or nonpartisan election
The election of judges, on either a partisan or a
nonpartisan ballot, is the norm in the states.
merit selection
Merit selection has been in use since the early
1900s as a preferred method of selecting judges.
The governor appoints a judge from candidates
recommended by a nominating panel.
After serving for a short period of time the
newly appointed judge must stand for a special
election, at which time he or she in effect runs
on his or her record.
gubernatorial appointment
Judges are chosen by the governor in only a
handful of states.
appointment by the legislature
Only a few states still allow their legislators
to appoint state judges.

35
About State Judges

Most state laws and constitutions provide few
conditions for being a state judge.
Most of the states do not require their justices
of the peace or magistrates to have law degrees,
but such degrees are required (either formally or
in practice) for trial and appellate judges.
Over half the state trial judges come to the
bench from the private practice of law, and about
a quarter were elevated from a lower court
judgeship, such as a magistrates position.
Of those serving on state supreme courts, almost
two-thirds came from the ranks of the
intermediate appellate courts or from the state
trial courts.

36
Relationship to Federal Courts

Although the federal Constitution and federal
laws override state laws where there is a
conflict between federal and state law, it is not
the case that state courts are subordinate to
federal courts.
They are more accurately described as two sets of
parallel courts with concurrent and often
overlapping jurisdiction.
With regard to an interpretation of a state law,
all federal courts must defer to the
interpretation of the state courts.

37
State Court Structures