University of Alabama at Birmingham

1
MCH/Public HealthMilestonesPart IX 1970-1979
2
Greg R. Alexander, MPH, ScDCathy Chadwick, MPH
Donna J. Petersen, MHS, ScDMaryAnn Pass, MD,
MPH Martha Slay, MPHNicole Shumpert, BS

• Department of Maternal and Child Health
• The MCH Leadership Skills Training Institute
• University of Alabama at Birmingham

3
Acknowledgement

• Supported by funding from the Maternal and Child
  Health Bureau

4
1970
A decade of transition
Developmental Disabilities Act
Head Start mandated to serve children with
disabilities
Regulations published for EPSDT
Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants,
Children (WIC)
Womens MovementRoe vs. Wade legalizes abortion
National efforts to lower infant
mortality/morbidity, regionalization
Focus on high risk pregnancy and effects of low
birth weight, teen pregnancy increasingImproved
Pregnancy Outcomes projects
Changing family structure
1979
5
1970 White House Conference on Children and
Youth

• The 1970 White House Conference on Children and
  Youth focused on providing proposals for a
  national health care program for mothers and
  children, including handicapped children.
• Part of the conferences agenda specifically
  focused on the disadvantages suffered by minority
  children in health and development.
• The final report of the conference identified
  gaps in services and suggested ways to correct
  deficiencies

6
(No Transcript)
7
Family Planning Services and Population Research
Act

• The Family Planning Services and Population
  Research Act of 1970, the first U.S. statute to
  provide authority and funds for family planning,
  also provided support for comprehensive programs
  of voluntary family planning services.

8
Comprehensive Family Planning
9
Developmental Disabilities Service Act

• The Developmental Disabilities Service Act,
  passed in 1970, created Councils on Developmental
  Disabilities in each state.
• These councils were to serve in a planning and
  advisory capacity with the intent of generating
  new state plans.

10
(No Transcript)
11
1972 Head Start Mandated to Serve Handicapped
Children

• In 1972, Congress mandated that at least 10
  percent of the children enrolled in Head Start
  must be handicapped children.

12
(No Transcript)
13
National School Lunch Act Amended

• In 1972, an amendment to the National School
  Lunch Act reemphasized that all schools with
  these programs provide free food, or at least
  provide reduced-priced lunches to all needy
  children.

14
School Lunch Logo
15
Regulations Published for EPSDT

• Although the Medicaid statue was amended in
  1967 to include EPSDT, it was not until 1972 that
  the regulations for EPSDT were published.

16
(No Transcript)
17
Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and
Children

• The Special Supplemental Food Programs for
  Women, Infants and Children (WIC) was created as
  an amendment to the Childrens Nutrition Act of
  1966.
• WIC provided nutritious food and nutrition
  education to eligible pregnant and nursing women
  and to children under five years of age.

18
Eligible for WIC Services
19
1973 Health Maintenance Organization Act

• HMOs, which provide comprehensive medical
  services in exchange for a monthly payment from
  the plan participant, developed in the early
  1970s with the passage of the federal Health
  Maintenance Organization Act of 1973.
• The law applied minimum, uniform standards in
  all 50 states for a health insurance organization
  to qualify as an HMO.
• Under those standards, an HMO had to provide a
  comprehensive set of medical services for a
  prepaid fee or with minimal co-payments, could
  not deny coverage to people with preexisting
  illnesses, and also required that participants in
  the plan be represented in making decisions about
  how the plan was administered.

20
(No Transcript)
21
Roe vs. Wade

• Argued before the Supreme Court, the case of
  Roe vs. Wade legalized abortion.

22
U.S. Supreme Court
23
Program of Projects

• With the amendment of Title V, each state was
  mandated to maintain an MCH Program of Projects.
  
• Each program was required to include programs
  for maternal and infant care, care of children
  and youth, intensive infant care, family
  planning, and dental health care of children.
• By 1975, these programs became an integral part
  of the State formula grants.

24
(No Transcript)
25
1973 Childrens Defense Fund

• Founded by Marian Wright Edelman, the
  Childrens Defense Fund is a non-profit, private
  organization that advocates for all children who
  cannot vote, lobby, or speak for themselves.

26
Marian Wright Edelman
27
1974 Food Stamp Nationwide Program

• By 1974, the Food Stamp Program became
  established nationwide through federal
  legislative directives.

28
Food Stamps Program
29
August 9, 1974

• Richard Nixon Resigns
• Gerald Ford become President

30
(No Transcript)
31
Education of All Handicapped Children Act (P.L.
94-142)

• The passage of Public Law 94-142, Education of
  All Handicapped Children Act, was one of the
  major developments in this decade for handicapped
  children and youth.
• This Act required that all handicapped children
  and youth from the age of three be provided with
  free, appropriate education in the least
  restrictive environment.
• It also required parent participation,
  individual education plans, and related
  services, which included medical examination,
  therapy services, and transportation.

32
(No Transcript)
33
1975 Vietnam War Ends
34
Vietnam Protests
35
1976 Improved Pregnancy Outcome Projects

• The Improved Pregnancy Outcome Projects,
  initiated by the Office of Maternal and Child
  Health, was an outgrowth of widespread efforts to
  improve child health.
• The goal of the projects was to reduce infant
  mortality through the development of new
  statewide systems of care for mothers and
  infants.
• One of its objectives was to utilize existing
  services more effectively through improved
  planning and implementation.

36
Mother on Fetal monitor
37
1979 Health Objectives for 1990

• The U.S. Surgeon Generals report, Healthy
  People, set 1990 Health Objectives for the
  Nation, including objectives for maternal and
  infant health.

38
(No Transcript)
39
Maternal and Child Health/Public Health
Milestones 1970-1979 Photo Acknowledgements

• Slide 6 Pennsylvania Department of Public
  Welfare. www.dpw.state.pa.us
•  
• Slides 8, 10, 18 Family Planning Perspectives
•  
• Slide12 www2.acf.dhhs.gov/programs/hsb
•  
• Slide 14 www.fns.usda.gov
•  
• Slide 16 www.cdc.gov. Nurse vaccinating child.
  CDC photo. Data unknown
•  
• Slide 20 www.encarta.com
•  
• Slide 22 www.encarta.com . Since 1935 this
  majestic marble building in Washington, D.C., has
  housed the Supreme Court of the United States.
  American architect Cass Gilbert designed the
  neoclassical structure to symbolize the power of
  the Court. Tom McHugh/Photo Researchers, Inc.
•  
• Slide 24 www.cdc.gov. Child with doctor and
  nurse at immunization clinic (1977).
  CDC/Meredith Hickson
•  
• Slide 26 www.cdf.org. Childrens Defense Fund
  photo
•  
• Slide 28 www.encarta.com. Food stamps are
  vouchers that can be used like cash to purchase
  food items. The Food Stamp program, administered
  by the United States Department of Agriculture,
  aims to provide nutritionally adequate diets to
  the poor and needy. Kevin Horan/Tony Stone
  Images.

40
Maternal and Child Health/Public Health
Milestones 1970-1979 Photo Acknowledgements

• Slide 29 www.encarta.com . Nixon Says Farewell.
  President Richard Nixon, flanked by his wife,
  Pat, daughter Tricia, and her husband, Edward
  Cox, offers a tearful farewell to staff as he
  prepares to leave the White House one day after
  his resignation. Nixon, who told those gathered
  "we leave proud," left for his California home to
  resume life as a private citizen after the
  Watergate scandals brought down his presidency.
  UPI/The Bettman Archive.
•  
• Slide 30 www.encarta.com. Nixon leaves office.
  United States President Richard M. Nixon waves
  goodbye to colleagues and friends as he boards a
  helicopter on the White House lawn on August 9,
  1974, the day his resignation from office took
  effect. Gerald Ford was sworn in as president two
  hours later. UPI/Corbis-Bettman
•  
• Slide 32 Nurse playing with a Downs Syndrome
  child. Courtesy of the National Library of
  Medicine. www.nlm.nih.gov
•  
• Slide 34, 35 www.encarta.com . Vietnam War
  protests (35). A peace demonstrator protesting
  United States involvement in the Vietnam War
  (19591975) taunts military police during a
  confrontation in front of the Pentagon.
  Demonstrations against the war took place in
  major cities and on many college campuses across
  the United States during the late 1960s and early
  1970s. The music, literature, clothing, and
  slogans of the time helped convey the messages of
  the peace movement that mobilized a generation of
  young Americans. UPI/The Bettman Archive
•  
• Slide 36, 38 Bureau of Community Health
  Services. DHEW book.
•   
• DHEW book U.S. Department of Health, Education,
  and Welfare, Public Health Service, Health
  Services Administration. Child Health in
  American. DHEW Publication No. (HAS) 76-5015.
  1976. 

41
CREDITS

• This work builds upon the earlier efforts of
  Dr. Allan C. Oglesby, Cindy Camberg, EdD, and
  Cathy Chadwick of the Maternal and Child Health
  Institute to Increase Leadership Skills Project,
  San Diego State University, and draws upon their
  Manual of the History and Philosophy of Maternal
  and Child Health as a foundation for this
  multi-volume series.