Normalization

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Normalization
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Primitive Domains
Attributes must be defined over domains with
atomic values
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Bad Database Design- redundancy of fact

• redundancy airline name repeated for same flight
• inconsistency when airline name for a flight
  changes, it must be changed many places

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Bad Database Design- fact clutter

• insertion anomalies how do we represent that
  SK912 is flown by Scandinavian without there
  being a date and a plane assigned?
• deletion anomalies cancelling AA411 on 10/22/00
  makes us lose that it is flown by American.
• update anomalies if DL242 is flown by Sabena, we
  must change it everywhere.

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Bad Database Design- information loss
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Bad Database Design- information loss

• information loss we polluted the database with
  false facts we cant find the true facts.

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Bad Database Design- dependency loss

• dependency loss we lost the fact that (flt,
  date) plane

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Good Database Design

• no redundancy of FACT (!)
• no inconsistency
• no insertion, deletion or update anomalies
• no information loss
• no dependency loss

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Overview of NFs
NF2 1NF 2NF 3NF BCNF
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Normal Forms- definitions

• NF2 non-first normal form
• 1NF R is in 1NF. iff all domain values are
  atomic2
• 2NF R is in 2. NF. iff R is in 1NF and every
  nonkey attribute is fully dependent on the key
• 3NF R is in 3NF iff R is 2NF and every nonkey
  attribute is non-transitively dependent on the
  key
• BCNF R is in BCNF iff every determinant is a
  candidate key
• Determinant an attribute on which some other
  attribute is fully functionally dependent.

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Example of Normalization
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Example of Normalization
1NF
2NF
3NF BCNF