Reforms and Revolution in China

1
Reforms and Revolution in China

• Attempts to Adapt to the Modern World that
  Achieved Limited Success

2
The Tongzhi Restoration reforms in the Qing Court

• Tongzhi Joint Reign of two Empress Dowagers
  (East West) as the co-regents the rise of
  Cixi (1861) http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empress_D
  owager_Cixi
• Emperor Tongzhis death in 1875, succeeded by
  Cixis nephew (Guangxu) who was dead in 1908, a
  few hours after the death of Cixi
• Cixis allies Ronglu (military) Li Lianying
  (eunuch/intelligence)
• Corruption navys funding misused in building
  her summer palace
• Manipulation between the conservative reform
  factions in the bureaucracy

3
Prince Gong Sino-Foreign Cooperation

• The second opium war the Anglo-French
  occupation of Beijing in 1860,
• An ill emperor in the north died while Prince
  Gong was in charge of negotiation with foreigners
  in Beijing, who became a regent to Emperor
  Tongzhi in charge of foreign relations
• The Zongli Yamen the first Foreign Ministry in
  Chinese history, included many chiefs of other
  ministries (War, Finance, etc.)
• Prince Gongs priority list rebels, Russia,
  England,
• Using western war technology to suppress rebels
• Using barbarians to check barbarians (???? yi-yi
  zhi-yi)
• Henry Wheatons Elements of International Law
  translated
• New schools new curriculum foreign languages,
  math
• The Maritime Custom Service under Robert Hart, a
  Englishman,
• The Burlingame mission touring and learning from
  the West
• The setback Tianjin massacre in 1870

4
Self-Strengthening Movement

• Yi-yi zhi-yi in the provinces (Feng Guifen)
• Zhang Zhidongs ti-yong theory Chinese learning
  as substance, western learning as function for
  its utility western means for Chinese ends
• Main patrons of self-strengthening were
  provincial governors, such as Li Hongzhang, Zhou
  Zhongdang, http//www.nationmaster.com/encyclopedi
  a/Li-Hongzhang
• Sponsors of sending students overseas to become
  managers of western business (??)
• The Confucian obstacle returned students could
  not pass the civil service exams, Yan Fu as an
  example
• The conservative outlook of Self-Strengthening
  was the result of self-interest, self-image, and
  cultural baggage,

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Three Phases

• First phase, 1860-1872 military modernization
  modern diplomacy
• Shanghai Arsenal, Tianjin Machinery Works, Fuzhou
  Shipyard were first generation of modern
  factories, creating the need for modern
  managerial talents education
• Second phase, 1872-1885 modern infrastructure,
  such as railway, shipping, mining, telegraphing
  industries
• Third phase, 1885-1895 light industries, such as
  Shanghai Textile Co. by Li with monopoly rights,
  in order to raise money to sustain heavy
  industrial sectors
• Chinas defeat in the wars with France (1885)
  Japan (1895) annunciated the ultimate failure of
  the movement

6
Chinas Struggle for Survival in the Jungle of
Imperialism

• Disastrous consequences of Sino-Japanese war in
  1895
• Korea, Taiwan, Laodong Peninsula controlled by
  Japan, the starting point of Japanese imperialism
• Russias intervention on the Laodong issue,
  forcing Japan to give up the Peninsula, laying
  the roots for the Russo-Japanese War in 1905
• Domestic discontent rising Chinese nationalism,
  leading towards the constitutional reform,
• External crises scramble for concessions in
  China by Western powers, leading towards the
  Boxers Rebellion http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo
  xer_Rebellion

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