Cultivation Prospects of Rare Endangered and Threatened Medicinal Plants.

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Cultivation Prospects of Rare Endangered and
Threatened Medicinal Plants.
Presentation by S.Venu Gopal. I.F.S. A.P.C.C.F.
C.E.O. KAMPA, Bangalore

• Email venugopal_s06_at_yahoo.co.in
• Symposium on Afforestation of Medicinal Trees
• World Ayurveda Congress,
• Jaipur, 20 Dec 2008

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Major Factors in Medicinal Plants Sector - USAGE

• No. Plant based Med Plants formulations 25,000
• No. of Species refered as usable 6200 (40 of
  higher plnt BD)
• Modern 204, Homeo506, Ayu2351, Sidha1785,
  Unani979, Tibetan350, Folk5137
• 80 Populn in deving countries use med plnts No.
  of spp. Actively used 1500
• No of spp used in herbal Industry 960 (178 in
  high trade gt100mt/yr)
• No. of botanical raw drugs in trade 1289
• No of regd herbal industries 9500
• Est annual dem of bot raw drugs Value 3,19,500
  mt, Rs1,069 Cr. ( 05-06, dry wt, excl spices)
• Turn over Rs. 8800 Cr.
• Imports 37,483mt, (58 gum arabiclong pepper)
• Cultivation 1,18,000ha 1,21,400mt
  (mainIsabgol, Senna, jojoba, Henna, Ashwagandha,
  Milk thistle)
• No. of spp. Under commercial cultivation 36
• Exported 63 spp Imported 40 spp
• gt90 brought from Nature 70 Destructive
  harvesting

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ISSUES IN MEDICINAL PLANTS SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

• Heavy proportion of industrial use of medicinal
  plants raw material sourced from forests
  countryside being the severemost threat to
  biodiversity conservation and also hitting
  cultivators viability. (90)
• Unsustainable destructive harvesting (70)
• Lack of marketing and viable price opportunities
  for cultivators for all utilised species
  economy of scale.
• Non availability of Cultivation Protocol and
  genetically superior QPM for all species.
• Lack of infrastructure Local Processing,
  Storage facility, Marketing facility,
  Laboratories.
• Quality Adulteration, Contamination
  Substitution in Medicinal plants products
• Lopsided sharing of the market value favouring
  industries traders disadvantaging farmers.
• Violent price fluctuations.

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Maj Med Plants fr Trop forests (gt100mt)

• Acacia catechu (Katha)
• Acacia nilotical (Babul)
• Acacia sinuata (sige)
• Aegle marmelos (bael)
• Albizzia amara (cheroola)
• Alstonia scholaris (saptaparni)
• Anogeissus latifolia (dhawada)
• Asparagus racemosus (shatavari)
• Baliospermum montanum(Dantimool)
• Bombax ceiba ( Simal)
• Boswellia serrata (salai guggul)
• Buchnania lanzan (Chironji)
• Butea monosperma (Tesu phool)
• Careya arborea (Vaai kumbha)
• Cassia fistula ( Amaltas)
• Celastrus paniculatus(Malkangani
• Chlorophytum tuberosum (safedmusli)

• Decalepis hamiltonii ( Magali)
• Desmodium gangeticum (salparni)
• Embelia tsjerium-cottam(vaividang
• Emblica officianalis (Amla)
• Garcinia indica ( Kokum)
• Gardenia resinifera (Dikamali)
• Gmelina arborea (Gambar chhal)
• Holoptelea integrifolia (Aavithali)
• Holostemma ada-kodien (Jivanti)
• Ipomoea mauritiana(Palmudukan kizhangu)
• Ixora coccinea ( Thechipoovu)
• Lannea coromandelica(Jhinganjingini)
• Litsea glutinosa (Maida chal)
• Lobelia nicotianaefolia (Lobelia leaves)
• Madhuca indica (Madhuka)
• Mesua ferrea (Nagakesar)
• Mimusops elengi (Bakul)

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Maj Med Plants fr Trop forests (gt100mt)
Contd..

• Oroxylum indicum (Tetu chal)
• Premna serratifolia (Arnimool)
• Pterocarpus marsupium( Vijaysar)
• Pterocarpus santalinus (Raktachandan)
• Rauvolfia serpentina ( Sarpagandha)
• Rubia cordifolia (Manjishtha)
• Santalum album ( Chandan)
• Sapindus mukorossi ( Reetha)
• Saraca asoca (Ashoka chal)
• Schrebera swietenioides (Ghanti phool)
• Semecarpus anacardium (Balave)
• Shorea robusta ( Raal)
• Smilax glabra ( Chopchini)
• Soymida febrifuga ( Rohan)
• Sterculia urens ( Karaya)
• Stereospermum chelonoides (Patala)
• Strychnos nux-vomica ( Kuchla)

• Terminalia bellirica ( Behra)
• Terminalia chebula ( Harda)
• Vateria indica ( Manda dhoopa)
• Wrightia tinctoria ( Inderjau)
• Ziziphus xylocarpus (Chonta phala)

Total 70 species.
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Major Exported Species

• Isabgol ( Psyllium husk)
• Senna ( leaves and pods)
• Henna ( Leaves and powder)
• Myrobalans
• Total account for 70 of exports by vol

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Major Imported Species

• Agar (Aquilaria agallocha) also native
• Guggul (Commiphora wightii) also native
• Mulethi ( Glyeyrrhiza glabra)
• Chavak (Piper chaba)
• Majuphal (Quercus infectoria)

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Endangered M species Karnataka

• Chonemorpha fragrans(Chandra hoovu)
• Drosera indica(Krimi nashini)
• Drosera peltata(Thee hullu)
• Michalia champaca (Sampige)
• Persea macrantha ( Gul mavu)
• Rauvolfia serpentina( Sarpa gandha)
• Saraca asoka (Ashoka)
• Nothapodytes nimmoniana(Durvasane mara Modern
  med)

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Subject to heavy Adulterations

• Acacia catechu
• Acacia nilotica
• Saraca asoka
• Casia angustifolia
• Piper nigrum
• Mentha piperata
• Rauvolfia serpentina
• Cinchona officinalis

• Santalum album
• Acorus calamus
• Curcuma aromatica(wild turmeric)
• Holarrhena antidysenterica
• Mentha piperata
• Aconitum heterophilum

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Vulnerable M Species - Karnataka

• Adenia hondala (Kempu chendu Balli)
• Aegle marmelos(Bilva)
• Aphanamixis polystachya(Mullu muthuga)
• Aristolochia tagala(Dodda eshwari balli)
• Baliospemum montanum ( Naga danti)
• Embelia ribes ( Huli meese)
• Garcinia morella ( Pon puli)
• Gloriosa superba(Karadi kannina gadde)
• Holostemma ada dodien ( Jeevanti)
• Madhuca longifolia(Hippe)
• Madhuca nerifolia (Hole hippe)
• Myristica dactyloides (Kadu Jaikai)
• Operculina turpethum (Deva danti)
• Oroxylum indicum (Boone pale)

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Vulnerable M Species Karnataka Contd..

• Piper mullesua (Gaja pippali)
• Pseudarthria viscida ( Antu bele)
• Raphidophora pertusa(Dodda thippali)
• Santalum album ( Gandha)
• Schrebera swietenioides(Gante,Mogalinga)
• Symplocos racemosa (Bala doddali)
• Tinospora sinensis (Sudarshana balli)

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Near threatened m Species Karnataka

• Celastrus paniculatus (Kanagili balli, Karigonne)
• Hedychium coronarium(Karppura ver adulterant
  also)
• Nervilia aragoana(Padma karini)
• Piper nigrum( kari menasu )
• Smilax zeylanica ( Kadu hambu tavare)
• Symplocos cochinchinensis(Boodaganni,Lodhra)
• Terminalia arjuna (Bili mathi, neeru mathi)

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non Orchid CITES PLANT SPECIES OF INDIA
restricted to Medicinal Plants

•              Family  APOCYNACEAE
•                Rauvolfia serpentina Benth. ex
  Kurz
•              Family  ASCLEPIADACEAE
•                 Frerea indica Dalz.
•              Family  COMPOSITAE
•                 Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch.
  (Saurauia napaulensis is a listed med plant of
  India)
•   Family CYCADACEAE
•   Cycas circinalis L.
•              Family  LEGUMINOSAE
•                 Pterocarpus santalinus Linn.f.
•              Family  SCROPHULARIACEAE
•                 Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle ex Benth
  .(Picrorhiza scrophulariaeflora is
  listed as medicinal species)
•              Family  TAXACEAE 
•                Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehder (
  Taxus baccata is a listed med species)
•   Taxus wallichiana Zucc.
•              Family  THYMELAEACEAE 
•                Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Also
  Aquilagia fragrans is listed med plant species)
•              Family  VALERIANACEAE
•                 Nardostachys grandiflora DC.

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CLOSE SUBSTITUTE MEDICINAL PLANTS OF SOUTH
INDIA TO CITES IND LIST

•              Family
•  COMPOSITAE
•  
•                Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch. -
  (Saurauia napaulensis is a listed med plant of
  India)
•              Family
•  TAXACEAE
•  
•                Taxus chinensis (Pilg.) Rehder (
  Taxus baccata is a listed med species)
•  

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STATUS of CITES LIST MED PLNTS in south India

•  Family  APOCYNACEAE Rauvolfia serpentina
  Benth. ex Kurz - SARPAGANDHA (Kan, San),
  Sarpaganthi(Mal, Tam, Tel), Amalpori(Mal, Harki (
  Mar), Sivan amalpodi ( Tam), Patalganthi (Tel)
•   Endangered ( A1c,d) Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil
  nadu.
•  Family  CYCADACEAECycas circinalis L.
  MALBARI SUPARI(Mar), GODDU EECHALU/ Mund isalu
  (Kan), Jangali Madan Mast (Hin), Eentha pana (
  Mal), Madana kama raja/ Salaparai/ Eentha panai (
  Tam), Rana guvva/ Perita/ Madana kamakshi (Tel)
•   Critically Endangered(A1c, d) in Karnataka and
  Tamilnadu Vulnerable in Kerala (A1c)
• Endemic to Peninsular India.
•  Active ingredient cycasin in nuts. Flavones in
  leaves.
•  Aphrodisiac, rejuvinator, asthma, urinary
  disorder, haemorrhage, fever etc.
•  Used in place of Pueraria tuberosa tubers.

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STATUS of CITES LIST MED PLNTS in south India-
Contd.

• Family DIOSCOREACEAE               Dioscorea delt
  oidea Wallich ex Kunth
•   Various species of Dioscoreaceae are used
  mainly in place of Dioscorea bulbifera (Heggenasu
  Kan) which is used for Cardiac problem,
  aphrodisiac, rejuvinator, urinary calculi, worm,
  polyuria, leprosy. Other species used are
  Dioscorea belophylla, Dioscorea hamiltonii,
  Dioscorea hispida, Dioscorea pentaphylla (Kadu
  gumbala Kan), Dioscorea tomentosa, Dioscorea
  wallchii.
•             
• Family LEGUMINOSAE               Pterocarpus san
  talinus Linn.f. Rakta Chandan, Agaru/
  Honne(Kan), Patrangam/ Tilaparnni(Mal), Agaru
  gandhamu/ Yerra chandanamu/ Rakta chandanam(Tel),
  Ratha sandanam/ Chenkunkumam/ Sivappu chandanam/
  Sandana vengai ( Tam)
•   Critically Endangered ( A1c, d) Globally.
  Endemic to Eastern ghats of AP and adjoining
  regions of Karnataka and Tamilnadu
•        
• Family THYMELAEACEAE               Aquilaria mal
  accensis Lamk.
•  Dysoxylum malabaricum ( Agaru, Bili
  Devadaru(Kan), Vellagil, Akil(Mal), Agil
  Vellaiyagil(Tam) is used as substitute for
  Aquilaria malaccensis which is app ii in Cites
  list. Disoxylum malabaricum is endangered
  globally (A1c,d) endemic to western ghats in
  Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu.

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LIST OF PLANT SPECIES CITES - INDIA
(including Medicinal Plants and Orchids 31443
474

• Family  APOCYNACEAE                Rauvolfia ser
  pentina Benth. ex Kurz
•    Family  ASCLEPIADACEAE               Frerea in
  dica Dalz.
•    Family  COMPOSITAE               Saussurea cos
  tus (Falc.) Lipsch.
•    Family  CYATHEACEAE
•                 Alsophila spinulosa (Wallich ex
  Hook. 1844) R.Tryon 1970
•                Cyathea albosetacea (Beddome 1876)
  Copel. 1909
•                Cyathea andersonii (Beddome 1869)
  Copel 1909
•                Cyathea balakrishnanii R.D.Dixit
  A.K.Tripath
•                Cyathea brunoniana ( Wall. ex
  Hook. 1844) C.B. Clarke Baker 1888
•                Cyathea chinensis Copel. 1909
•                Cyathea contaminans (Wallich ex
  Hook. 1844) Copel. 1909
•                Cyathea crinita (Hook.1844) Copel.
  
•                Cyathea gigantea (Wallich ex Hook.
  1844) Holttum 1935
•                Cyathea henryi (Baker 1898) Copel.
  1909
•                Cyathea khasyana (Moore ex Kuhn
  1869) Domin 1929
•                Cyathea nilgirensis Holttum
•                Cyathea spinulosa Wallich ex.
  Hook. 1844
•                Sphaeropteris albosetacea (Bedd.
  1876) R.Tryon 1970
•      

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Strategy, Direction

• Incorporation of Medicinal plants in forest pol,
  working plns.
• Plantation Regular, JFPM, Pvt, degraded
• Law to restrict regulate raw materials
  utilisation from forests
• Conservation measures similar to wild life
  protection
• Cites like agreement between States
• Nationalise trade of endangered species.
• QPM- Collection, Storage, Distribution, Nursery
• RD Genetic improvement,Cultivation protocol,
  Market research
• Initial process at site, Value addition in
  village

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Stgy, Direction Contd.

• Promote cultivation in farmers lands
• Create marketing facility Information, Web
  based marketing, provision in SAFAL.
• Create Storage facility/utilise the existing
  surplus facility
• Pricing- Support price, Online price information,
  breaking monopoly
• Expansion of Industries and export
• Crop Insurance
• Good Agricultural practice Organic farming for
  good good quality raw material
• Good manufacturing practice to raise to global
  quality
• Subsidise cultivation of threatened species
• Registration coordination of all stakeholders
  for synergy

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Land availability in Karnataka

• Total geographical area 19.179 Mha
• Total Forest Area 4.444 Mha
• Cultivable waste lands 0.439 Mha (2.3 of geo
  area)
• Current fallow lands 1.367 Mha(4.37 in 1960 to
  8.77 in 1997)
• Other fallow land .408 Mha
• Permanent pastures grazing land 1.005 Mha
• Degraded forest Area 0.325 Mha
• Agriculture land12.284 Mha
• Road length 1,31,592 kms
• Railways 2795 kms
• Est. Canal length 1000 kms

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STAKEHOLDERS IN THE PROCESS

• NMPB, SMPB.
• FOREST DEPARTMENT
• GOVERNMENTS
• MAP INDUSTRY
• EXPORTERS/IMPORTERS - MAP
• MAP TRADERS
• MAP GATHERERS/COLLECTORS
• FOREST AND LOCAL INHABITANTS as users
  collectors
• DOCTORS OF INDIAN SYS OF MEDICINES
• MAP NURSERIES
• MAP CULTIVATORS
• GLOBAL CLIENTALE/USERS OF MAP

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Category of Stakeholders.

• A. Those who are benefited Industries,
  Exporters, Traders.
• B. Those who have interests but low on priority
  or disempowered. E.g., Farmers. And have other
  options.
• C. Those who have Power over resources such as
  Land, Funds etc. but not enough interest.

It is necessary for Category A people to take
lead to convince and involve Cat C and B people
to get into medicinal plants cultivation.
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Critical Approach

• Medicinal Plantations by Forest depts, Forest Dev
  corporations, Farmers other instns.
• Curb illicit removals and destructive removals
  from forests.
• Legal,Economic administrative interventions to
  achieve good price for growers together with crop
  insurance, support price, subsidy in the initial
  phase.
• Information dissemination.

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CRITICAL INPUTS

• To raise priority level in the people in power
  with reources, for medicinal plants and develop
  a consensual policy and strategy.
• Budget
• Land
• Technology.
• Infrastructure

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Thank You
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THANK YOU

• S. Venu Gopal. I.F.S.
• A.P.C.C.F. C.E.O.,
• KaMPu