Lecture 10 Verb and Verb Phrase

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Lecture 10Verb and Verb Phrase
Verb Ages
I. Classification
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1) Main Verb and Auxilliaries
2) Transitive Verbs Intransitive Verbs and
Linking Verbs
3) Dynamic Verbs and Stative Verbs
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1) Main Verbs and Auxiliaries
Why so divided?
According to
different roles played in the formation of verb
phrases
Verb Phrase
simple verb phrase
complex verb phrase
go
will go
basic meaning of phrase
grammatical and modal meanings of phrase
Main Verbs
Auxiliaries
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three categories
be, do, have
primary auxiliaries
can/ could, may/ might, will/ would, shall/
should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to,
modal auxiliaries
semi- auxiliaries.
have to , seem to
bo to, be sure to, be about to,be apt to, be
certain to, be bound to, be going to,be
(un)likely to
happen to, chance to, appear to, come to, fail
to, get to, tend to, turn out to
have got to, had better, had best
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primary auxiliaries
be, do, have
Features
no lexical meaning
with grammatical functions / meanings
be? the progressive aspect or passive voice.
do ? negative meanings or to form questions
some times the emphatic affirmative
have ? the perfective or the perfective
progressive aspect.
Exercise 1
Observe the folowing sentences and point out
which ones of the blue words are primary
auxiliaries and which ones are not.
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• I have a new guitar.
• I don't have a new guitar.
• They have had a nice time.
• I have seen Peter.
• They will have spoken to Peter.
• I am from England.
• I am reading a book.
• A house was built.
• I do my homework in the evenings.
• I have done my homework.
• Doing my homework is not always fun.
• I didn't see Jane doing her homework.
• Don't sing under the shower.
• When did you get up this morning?

Primary
Exercise 2
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• Complete the following sentences by using the
  right form of to have (have, has, had).
• 1) Jack_____fun at the party last Saturday.
• 2) I'm sorry, but I ____ to go now.
• 3) You ____ ever been to Canada?
• 4) Dave____ passed his driving test.
• 5) Can we _____ the bill, please?
• 6) The match ____ already started when we
  arrived.
• 7) They _____ breakfast at 630 this morning.
• 8) Do you ____ a brother?
• 9) My boss never ____ time.
• 10) Doris ___ been waiting for Pam for 20 minutes
  now.

had
have
Primary
have
has
have
had
had
have
has
has
BACK
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Modal Auxiliaries
thirteen modal auxiliaries including some past
tense forms
can/ could, may/ might, will/ would, shall/
should, must, ought to, dare, need, used to
Features
1. express modal meanings
2. past tense forms do not necessarily express
past time
3. In a finite verb phrase, we can use only one
modal auxiliarywhich is invariably followed by
the bare infinitive or the base form.
BACK
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Semi-auxiliaries
have to , seem to
Features
1. help the main verb to form the complex verb
phrase and express the modal meaning
2. when preceded by other auxiliaries, function
as main verbs
I have to buy a new car.
I dont have to buy a new car.
BACK
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2) Transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and
linking verbs
Main verbs can be divided in accordance with
whether or not they must be followed by
obligatory elements functioning as
complementation and what kind of elements that
must follow.
Features
Why so divided?
Transitive Verbs
object
Intransitive Verbs
do not require an object
Linking Verbs
Note
subject complement
Many of the main verbs may belong to more than
one of the three verb classes.
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Distinguish the categories of the blue verbs
action
1.The fish is fresh from water. You dont
have to smell it. 3.The milk is going bad. It
smells. 4.This fish smells delicious.
state
description
BACK
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3) Dynamic Verbs and Stative Verbs
Why so divided?
according to lexical meanings
dynamic
for actions
stative
for states
Dynamic Verbs can be subclassified into three
categories
according to their Duration
These verbs normally admit of both the
progressive and the non-progressive aspect.
1.Durative Verbs
non-progressive form ? a single movement
progressive form? a repeated movement
2.Transitional Verbs
3.Momentary Verbs
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Stative Verbs
four categories
1. main verb be and have
2. verbs with the notion of being and having
3. verbs that refer to a sense perception
4. verbs that refer to a feeling / opinion
NOTE
normally incompatible with the progressive except
in certain cases where there is a transfer of
meaning
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Jim is a teacher, but 20 years ago he was a
soldier. We have friends all over the world.
BACK
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apply to, belong to, differ from, cost, weigh,
measure, fit, hold, lack, resemble
This rule applies to everyone. ( is applicable
to) French differs from English in having gender
for all nouns. (is different from) The
auditorium holds 2000 people. (has the
capacity for)
BACK
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hear, see, feel, taste, smell,
She doesnt hear very well. I can taste pepper in
the soup. It tastes hot.
BACK
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assume, believe, consider (think), detest,
fear, hate, hope, imagine, know, like, love,
mean, mind, notice, prefer, regret, remember,
suppose, think, understand,
I believe we have met before.Jim knows Chinese.
BACK
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Durative Verbs
work
eat
sleep
She works at a chemical factory.
She has been working there for a long time.
The actions expressed by these verbs almost have
no time limit.
Transitional Verbs
become
change
The leaves of the trees are turning yellow.
The weather is changing for the better.
BACK
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Momentary Verbs
jump
open
The old man stops at a house and knocks at the
door.
Who is knocking the door?
He opened the door and ran out of the house.
He was opening and closing the door to make sure
that it worked properly.
Single actions cannot last
The repetition of Single actions can be durative
BACK
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Im learning English.
Stative

Im knowing English.
Dynamic
He is a fool.
Stative
He is being a fool.
Dynamic
be? acting as/ pretend
I have a book.
Stative
We are having breakfast.
Dynamic
have? eat
I feel comfortable.
Stative
Im feeling this material.
Dynamic
feel? touch
I expect youre rather tired.
Stative
I am expecting a visitor.
Dynamic
expect? wait for
I dont think you are right.
Stative
Dont make so much noise. Im thinking.
Dynamic
to classification II
think? consider
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10.2 Classification of verbs (II)
single-word verbs and phrasal verbs
Finite verbs and non-finite verbs
Regular verbs and Irregular verbs
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Finite verbs and non-finite verbs
English main verbs have two finite forms and
three non-finite forms.
1. the present tense form 2. the past tense form
1. the infinitive 2. the ing participle 3. the
ed participle
the bare infinitivethe to-infinitive
? Finite verbs are marked for tense, and
non-finite verbs have no tense distinctions.
? five grammatical forms of verb in use
The base form is the uninflected form which is
only found in dictionaries.