China Under Communism

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China Under Communism

• Geography 1002
• Joseph Naumann

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The Forbidden City remains a focal point of
cultural pride
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POPULATION DENSITY 2000 CE
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URBAN CHINA

• 360 MILLION CHINESE LIVE IN CITIES
• 31 URBANIZED
• LARGEST CITIES ARE INSIGNIFICANT ON A GLOBAL
  SCALE
• URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
• AIR POLLUTION
• CONGESTION
• WATER POLLUTION

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Coastal Cities Are Booming
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ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

• PROBLEMS STEMMED FROM THE STATE CONTROLLED
  ECONOMY.
• SERIOUS ENERGY SHORTAGE
• TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE POORLY DEVELOPED
• POPULAR RESISTANCE AND CHANGES IN CENTRAL POLICY
  HAVE WEAKENED CHINAS POPULATION CONTROL PROGRAM.
• ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

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Disparity in Economic Output

• Coastal areas are booming
• West
• Drier
• Less population
• More ethnically diverse

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REORGANIZATION UNDER COMMUNISM

• 1950s - 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE
  PROGRAMS OF RECONSTRUCTION AND REFORM
• BASED ON THE SOVIET MODEL
• LAND WAS EXPROPRIATED.
• FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED.
• INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATE-OWNED
  COMMUNAL ENTERPRISES.
• EMPHASIS ON HEAVY INDUSTRY
• DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGES- EDUCATION, RELIGION,
  POPULATION GROWTH

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Social Effects of Communism

• Increased opportunities for women
• Education for all increased literacy
• State tried to replace the extended family as the
  source of security for individuals the price of
  security has always been conformity
• Contact with other cultures was kept to a minimum
  until the era of Deng Xiaoping

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Mao Zedongs Miscalculations

• Great Leap Forward (Giant step backward)
• 1958-62 Second Five-year Plan
• Backyard blast furnaces
• Communes
• Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution
• 1966-69
• To purge unacceptable elements from leadership
  eliminate Western influences
• Red Guard got out of control
• Economy was set back greatly

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ENERGY RESOURCES
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DENG XIAOPING ERA

• TOOK POWER IN 1979 AS A PRAGMATIC MODERATE
• ATTEMPTED TO WED COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH
  CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES
• OPENED CHINA TO FOREIGN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
• PERMITTED STUDENTS TO STUDY ABROAD

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1989 Tiananmen Square

• Students demonstrated for increased levels of
  democracy in China
• Leadership didnt use force at first, so the
  demonstration grew in size and gained
  international attention
• Role of technology fax machines, etc.
• The Communist Partys resolve to maintain
  absolute power prevailed and troops ended the
  demonstration
• The concept of democracy may not be dead

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Spring, 1989

• Students mass in Tiananmen Square to call for
  greater democratization

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Goddess of Democracy Symbol of Tiananmen Square
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Freedom callCrowd controlHunger strike
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Civilians Confront Temporarily Stop the PLA
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Military Force Prevails
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10 year anniversary
BEIJING
HONG KONG MEMORIAL
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DENG XIAOPING

• INTRODUCED ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION MEASURES
• DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING
• SHIFTED TO THE RESPONSIBILITY SYSTEM IN
  AGRICULTURE
• CREATED SEZs, OPEN CITIES, OPEN COASTAL AREAS
• ATTEMPTED TO CREATE A SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY

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ECONOMIC INITIATIVES

• SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES
• 5 SEZs ESTABLISHED 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE
• INVESTMENT INCENTIVES LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT
  REGULATIONS EASED, LAND LEASES SIMPLIFIED, ETC
• OPEN CITIES
• INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES
• SCALED BACK TO 4 CITIES
• NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI
• OPEN COASTAL AREAS
• ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS
• CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND
  PENINSULAS

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SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

• INVESTOR INCENTIVES
• LOW TAXES
• EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS
• SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES
• HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED
• PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN
  CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS)
• LOCATION WAS PRIME CONSIDERATION

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CHINAS ECONOMIC ZONES

• DISPARITY
• COASTAL CHINA
• INTERIOR CHINA

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Economic Development The Golden Coastline

• From the east to the west, its less developed

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OPEN CITIES

• SIZE
• OVERSEAS TRADING HISTORY
• LINKS TO OVERSEAS CHINESE
• LEVELS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
• POOL OF LOCAL TALENT AND LABOR
• CONFINED TO COASTAL AREAS

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HONG KONG

• MEANS FRAGRANT HARBOR- AN EXCELLENT DEEP WATER
  PORT
• BOOMED DURING THE KOREAN WAR
• 6 MILLION PEOPLE WITHIN 400 SQ MILES
• ECONOMY IS LARGER THAN HALF OF THE WORLDS
  COUNTRIES Great benefit to China
• 1 JULY 1997- BRITISH TRANSFERRED CONTROL TO
  CHINA many businesses remained there
• HONG KONG RENAMED XIANGGANG
• ACQUIRED A NEW STATUS AS CHINAS ONLY SPECIAL
  ADMINISTRATIVE REGION (SAR)

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Industrial North Chinas Rust Belt

• Formerly called Manchuria

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Shanghai and the Yangtze River
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Agriculture Remains Important Rice in south
wheat in North
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China is becoming less, and less Communist.