Islam

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Chapter 7

• Islam

Note This chapter deals with one of the worlds
religions. Unless one is an alim, one is
probably not well versed. I am neither an alim
nor a muslim therefore, do not expect a full
and complete explanation that will satisfy your
faith if you happen to be Muslim. This chapter
and material is intended for people who only know
of Islam through film, or news events and will
explain in a simplified manner for everyone. In
simplifying some things, we omit others and
omission is the unfortunate by-product. Pronunciat
ion, spelling varies. I may use one spelling
and change. I do not have, nor do I believe it
matters significantly at this level, a
preference.
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6th Century Later Roman Empire
(Byzantine) Sassanian Empire Kingdom of Himyar
Kingdom of Axum Arabia
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Arabia Sacred sites Mecca Kaaba Adam,
white Abraham and Ishmael Agriculture and
Trade Cities trade (Mecca)
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• The Rise of Islam
• Bedouins
• Sheikh -
• Majlis
• Conflicts between Byzantine and Sassanian
• Muhammad (570-632)

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570 CE Born in what we now call Saudi Arabia, in
the city of Makkah (Mecca) on April 20 or 22.
Amina, his mother and his grandfather,
Abdul-Muttalib cared for him. Mohammads uncle
(Abu-Talib), 40 years. 582 CE Monk, Bahira -
Messenger of Allah. shepherder.
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595 CE By the age of 25 Mohammad worked as a
manager for a caravan, Khadijah Ibn
Ishaq Marries Khadijah 15 years senior 610
CE Retreats, 40 years old, when he was first
visited. One night toward end of
Ramadan Angel Chosen "Night of Power". Mount
Hira for six months.
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Mohammad's family - wife, Khadijah and their
children four daughters Ruquaiyh, Umm, Zainab
and Fatimah and 3 sons Al Qasim, Abdullah, and
Tahir. All his children died during his lifetime
except for Fatimah. Ali, his nephew. Zaid, free
slave? who belonged to Mohammad, adopted as a
son?
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613 CE M begins preaching. 619-620 CE M wife
and uncle die. Ascension Spread Chased
from Mecca 622 Flight to Madina (Medina). M is
invited to Medina. hijrah (hegira) 623 Ramadan
fasting is ordained by M. Rivalry between
Mecca and Medina.
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Between late 623 - 630 Battles of Badr, Uhud,
Trench, Khaybar, Tabuk - between 623 - 629 626
CE M marries Zainab 627 CE M marries ? Mariah
(a gift from the Egyptian ruler) 629 CE M
marries Safiyah. 630 conquers Mecca
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• Death June 8, 632 at age 63.
• By the time of his death - control of western
  Arabia and had contacts with eastern Arabia,
  Hijaz, Nejd, Oman, and Yemen.
• His death in Medina is another interesting bit of
  history and religious belief how did he died
  and what happened to him.

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• Teachings of Muhammad
• Koran (recitation) Surah (114) Ayahs (6000)
• Hadith (collection of sayings from the Prophet)
• Five Pillars of Faith
• Following Five Pillars is not guarantee into
  heaven
• Ulama (Muslim scholars. Singular Alim.)
• Shariah (law code) devised after Muhammad died

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Belief in Islam means belief in One God
belief in all of God's messengers belief in
all the books sent down to prophets of God. These
books include Torah and Gospel. Only the Holy
Quran exists in its original form, however.
belief in the existence of angels belief in
the Divine Decree or Predestination, its good and
its bad. belief in the Day of Judgment, Life
after Death, Heaven and Hell. or put another
way
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• Components of Faith
• God and His attributes 99 beautiful names
• Prophets
• Sacred Books
• Angels
• Revelations
• Last Day
• Predestination

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• JIHAD
• Strive in the way of the Lord
• Personal
• One who strives mujtahid
• Missing Imam
• Mohammad spoke on need to defend the belief
  against infidels and if war was necessary, so be
  it.

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• The Arab Empire and Its Successors
• RIGHTLY GUIDED CALIPHS
• Abu Bakr

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1.Abu Bakr 632 634 2. Umar ibn al-Khattab
634 644 (a) 3. Uthman 644 656 (a) 4.
Muhammad Ali 656 661 (a) Umayyids (Damascus)
661 750 Muawiyah 661 Tariq, 710 Abbasids
(Baghdad) 750 1258 Golden Age of Islam
MONGOLS 1258 Age of Decline 1259
1798 Fatimids (Cairo, Shia)
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• The Umayyads (661-750)
• Muawiyah became caliph (successor), 661
• Damascus
• Diplomacy
• Trade
• 670 - Muslim conquest of NW Africa
• 680 692 2nd Muslim civil war
• 691 Dome of the Rock completed in Jerusalem.
• Tariq, 710-711, crossed into Spain
• Battle of Tours, 732
• Constantinople attacked and Muslim fleet
  defeated, 717
• Serious internal strife warfare over control

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Schism Sunni Shii (Shite)

• Shiites (partisans of Ali) accepted only
  descendants of Ali, Muhammads son-in-law, as
  true rulers
• Sunnites claimed that the descendants of the
  Umayyads were the true caliphs

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• The Abbasids (750-1258)
• Capital Baghdad (762) (later Samarra 836)
• Caliph - Harun al-Rashid (786-809)
• Renaissance art, learning, literature,
  philosophy
• Patron of learning
• Translation of Greek texts
• Trade, industry, agriculture
• 12th Imam goes into occultation (hiding or
  temporarily the celestial body vanishes), end of
  direct rule of Shiite Imams 874.

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• Seljuk Turks
• Nomadic people from central Asia
• Capture Baghdad, 1055
• Battle of Manzikert, 1071, Turks took over most
  of Anatolia
• The Crusades
• In 1071, Byzantine forces routed and
  Constantinople in question called upon Europe
  for help.
• 1095 Council of Clermont Pope Urban II
  promised remission of all sins for those who
  joined the crusades

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• The Mongols
• Elites converted to Islam
• New center of Islam the Fatimids in Cairo
• Emergence of the Ottoman Turks
• Mehmet II seizes Constantinople, 1453
• Islamic Civilization
• The Wealth of Araby Trade and Cities in the
  Middle East

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• Islamic Society
• All equal in the eyes of Allah
• Upper class
• Farmland eventually in the hands of the wealthy
• Slavery
• Women

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• Culture of Islam
• Philosophy and science
• Ibn Rushd (Averroës)
• Galen (c. 180-200)
• Ibn Sina, (Avecinna), 980-1037
• Adopted numerical system from India
• Astronomical studies
• Knowledge of nature and diseases
• Algebra (al-jebr) (9th century)
• Islamic Literature
• Rabea of Qozdar
• Omar Khayyam, Rubaiyat
• The Tales from 1001 Nights (first was oral)
• Sadi (1210-1292), Rose Garden (Persian
  Shakespeare)
• Rumi in the 13th century adopted beliefs of
  Sufism to his poetry
• al-Musudi (b. 896)

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• Islamic Art and Architecture
• Dome of the Rock, built 691 Jerusalem
• Mosques
• Great Mosque of Samarra is the largest mosque
• Mosque of Córdoba
• All mosques contained a kibla that faced Mecca
  and symbolized God - mihrab
• Palaces
• Alhambra in Spain
• Woolen rugs
• No representation of the Prophet
• Influence of East Asia
• Non-religious art

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• Reasonable to express
• Arab empire was
• Unusually tolerant of Christians and Jews
• Had positive and negative results in regions
  conquered
• Brought legal code and language to people who
  previously didnt have
• Improved the lives of many by rejuvenating world
  trade