Community Organizing/ Building and Health Promotion Programming

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Community Organizing/Building and Health
Promotion Programming

• Chapter 5

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Introduction

• Epidemiology important to community health
• Two other skills for community health workers
• Community organizing/building
• Health promotion programming

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Community Organizing Defined

• A process through which communities are helped
  to identify common problems or goals, mobilize
  resources, and in other ways develop and
  implement strategies for reaching their goals
  they have collectively set (Minkler
  Wallerstein, 2005)

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Related Definitions - 1

• Community capacity Community characteristics
  affecting its ability to identify, mobilize,
  address problems (Goodman et al., 1999)
• Empowered community One in which individuals
  and organizations apply their skills and
  resources in collective efforts to meet their
  respective needs (Israel et al., 1994)

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Related Definitions - 2

• Participation relevance Community organizing
  that starts where the people are and engages
  community members as equals (Minkler
  Wallerstein, 2005)
• Social capital relationships and structures
  within a community that promote cooperation for
  mutual benefit (Minkler Wallerstein, 2005)

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Need for Organizing Communities

• Advances have moved us to the need to organize
• Electronics (e.g., digital TV)
• Communications (e.g., multi-function cell phones)
• Household upgrades (e.g., energy efficiency)
• Increased mobility (e.g., frequency of moving)
• Lack of interaction with neighbors
• Size of communities

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Assumptions of Community Organization

• 1. Communities of people can develop the capacity
  to deal with their own problems
• 2. People want to change and can change
• 3. People should participate in making,
  adjusting, or controlling the major changes
  taking place within their communities
• 4. Changes in community living that are
  self-imposed or self-developed have a meaning and
  permanence that imposed changes do not have

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Assumptions of Community Organization - 2

• 5. A holistic approach can deal successfully
  with problems with which a fragmented approach
  cannot cope
• 6. Democracy requires cooperative participation
  and action in the affairs of the community,
  people must learn the skills that make this
  possible
• 7. Frequently, communities of people need help in
  organizing to deal with their needs, just as many
  individuals require help with individual problems

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Community Organizing Methods

• Locality development based on the concept of
  broad self-help participation from the local
  community
• Social planning is heavily task oriented,
  stressing rational-empirical problem solving
  involves various levels of participation from
  many people outside planners
• Social action a technique that involves the
  redistribution of power resources to
  disadvantaged segments of the population

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Generic Approach to Community Organizing - 1

• Recognizing the issue
• From the inside grass-roots, citizen initiated,
  bottom up
• From the outside top down
• Gaining entry into the community
• Gatekeepers
• Being culturally sensitive working toward
  culturally competent

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Generic Approach to Community Organizing - 2

• Organizing the people
• Executive participants
• Networking expanding the constituencies
• Creating an association, task force or coalition
• Assessing the community
• Needs based vs. assets based mapping
• Community building an orientation to community
  that is strength-based rather than need-based
  stresses the identification, nurturing,
  celebration of community assets (Minkler, 2005)

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Generic Approach to Community Organizing - 3

• Determining the priorities setting goals
• Build ownership
• 5 criteria for selecting problem winnable,
  simple specific, must unite, affect many
  build community, part of larger plan (Miller)
• Arriving at a solution selecting intervention
  strategies
• Create an intervention
• Avoid turfism

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Generic Approach to Community Organizing - 4
The Final Four Steps
Implementing
Evaluating
Looping back
Maintaining
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Other Models Used for Community
Organizing/Building

• Healthy Cities/Healthy Communities
• Mobilizing for Action through Planning
  Partnerships (MAPP)
• Planned Approach to Community Health (PATCH)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Health Promotion Programming - 1

• Health education any combination of planned
  learning experiences based on sound theories that
  provide individuals, groups, and communities the
  opportunity to acquire information and the skills
  to make quality health decisions (Joint
  Committee, 1991)
• Health promotion any planned combination of
  educational, political, environmental,
  regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that
  support actions and conditions of living
  conducive to health of individuals, groups, and
  communities (Joint Committee, 1999)

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Health Promotion Programming - 2

• Many different planning models
• PRECEDE/PROCEED best known
• Multilevel Approach to Community Health (MATCH)
• Intervention Mapping newest model
• CDCynergy best for health communication
• Social Marketing Assessment Response Tool
  (SMART)
• Generalized Model for Program Planning

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Generalized Model for Program Planning - 1

• Preliminary steps
• Who makes up the priority population?
• Understand engage the priority population
• Planning committee
• Assessing the Needs of the Priority Population

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Generalized Model for Program Planning -
2Assessing the Needs
Gathering data
Analyzing the data
Identifying factors linked to the health problem
Identifying the program focus
Validating the prioritized need
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Generalized Model for Program Planning - 3
After the needs assessment should have answers
to

• Who is the priority population?
• What are the needs of the priority population?
• Which subgroups within the priority population
  have the greatest need?
• Where are the subgroups located geographically?
• What is currently being done to resolve
  identified needs?
• How well have the identified needs been addressed
  in the past?

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Generalized Model for Program Planning - 4

• Setting Appropriate Goals Objectives
• Goals future event
• Objectives steps to reach goals several levels
  (process/administrative, learning,
  action/behavioral, environmental, program)
• Creating an Intervention
• Activities to reach goals objectives
• Amount is important multiple exposures
• Consider ecological perspective multiple levels

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Generalized Model for Program Planning - 5

• Implementing the Intervention
• Pilot test
• Phasing in
• Full implementation
• Evaluating the Results
• The process of determining the value or worth of
  the object of interest
• Standards of acceptability stated in the
  objectives
• Formative summative

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Generalized Model for Program Planning - 6
Evaluating the results - 1
Planning the evaluation
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Evaluating the Results - 2
Planning the evaluation
Collecting the data
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Evaluating the Results - 3
Planning the evaluation
Collecting the data
Analyzing the data
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Evaluating the Results - 4
Planning the evaluation
Collecting the data
Analyzing the data
Reporting results
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Evaluating the Results - 5
Planning the evaluation
Collecting the data
Analyzing the data
Reporting results
Applying the results
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Community Organizing/Building and Health
Promotion Programming

• Chapter 5 - The End