The European Conquest of the Americas

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The European Conquest of the Americas
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Christopher Columbus 1451-1506
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Columbus Four Voyages
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Ferdinand Magellan the First Circumnavigation
of the WorldEarly 16c
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European Explorations
Looking for El Dorado
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The First Spanish ConquestsThe Aztecs
vs.
Fernando Cortes
Moctezuma II
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The Death of Moctezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Cortes
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The First Spanish Conquests
The Incas
vs.
Francisco Pizarro
Atahualpa
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Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered
the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??
Docs. 1- 4
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The Columbian Exchange
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Cycle of Conquest Colonization
Explorers
Conquistadores
OfficialEuropeanColony!
Missionaries
PermanentSettlers
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Mercantilism

• The economy and trade are essential to the
  health and safety of the nation.

• Get as much gold and silveras you can.
• Establish a favorable balance of trade.
• Get colonies.

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Treasuresfrom the Americas!
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The Colonial Class System
Peninsulares
Creoles
Mestizos
Mulattos
Native Indians
Black Slaves
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The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church
Our Lady of Guadalupe
Guadalajara Cathedral
Spanish Mission
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 The Popes
Line of Demarcation
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European Empires in the Americas
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The Diversity of American Colonial Societies
1530-1770

• Review and Discussion

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Describe the major elements of the Columbian
Exchange, and how it affected both Amerindians
and Europeans.
21

• There was a major transfer of diseases, plants,
  and animals, but we should acknowledge that the
  transfer was not simply one-sided.

22
Diseases greatly reduced Amerindian populations
(thereby assisting European conquest and
accelerating cultural change), while Europeans
brought home Amerindian diseases such as
syphilis.
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Europeans brought foods such as bananas and wheat
that diversified Amerindian diets.
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While other crops like sugar cane were intended
for cultivation with exploited labor.
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(No Transcript)
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On the other hand, the Amerindian crops of maize,
potatoes, and manioc had a great impact on Old
World agriculture.
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European horses, cattle, and pigs also affected
Amerindian lives, while beaver and other
fur-bearing animals significantly influenced the
exchange between Amerindians and Europeans.
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Describe the colonial societies established in
the Americas by Spain and Portugal.
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• Both nations sought to establish societies
  patterned after their homelands class-based,
  hierarchical, and uniformly Catholic.

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Because of the small percentages of Iberian
colonists, Amerindians exercised considerable
influence on the development of the new cultures.
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Again, because of epidemic disease and the
resulting labor shortages, the African slave
trade became a major factor in colonial society
and culture.
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Royal authority and the Catholic Church continued
to be important in shaping American cultures.
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Explain the rising demand for labor in the
Spanish and Portuguese American colonies and how
this demand was satisfied.
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• The initial demand for labor was low because
  Europeans simply gathered the riches already
  produced by Amerindians.
• As wealth became harder to extract, labor demands
  multiplied. One response was forced labor such as
  the mita (rotational labor draft) system in Peru.
  
• As disease and overwork led to massive Amerindian
  population loss, labor shortages spread.

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• At the same time, increasingly complicated
  technologies, such as those for removing silver
  from ore and producing sugar from cane, called
  for even more workers.
• The chief supply to fill that demand was African
  slaves.

36
The English and French did not colonize the
Americas until almost a century after the Spanish
and Portuguese. Why? How were the French and
English colonies both similar to and different
from those of Spain and Portugal?
37

• Civil unrest
• The French and the English were initially
  distracted by civil and foreign wars and so
  lacked the will and resources to seek colonies
  any sooner
• Similarities
• All colonizers met native peoples with a mixture
  of violence and diplomacy.
• African slaves were important in much of the
  Americas.
• Differences
• Rather than controlling American expansion
  through their central governments, both nations
  acted through private corporations and individual
  proprietors.
• colonized with larger percentages of Europeans

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• English
• favored removal of Native Americans rather than
  assimilation
• French
• preferred a policy of conversion of native
  peoples to Christianity.
• French Catholic missionaries mastered native
  languages, created schools, and set up model
  agricultural communities for the converted.
• French and Indian War
• In 1756-1763, France lost Canada to England and
  also ceded Louisiana to Spain

39
Compare and contrast the different colonial
regions established in British North America. In
what ways were they similar or different?
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South

• Virginia
• Virginia company established the colony of James
  town in 1606
• Lost 80 of the population within 15 years
• English crown took it over in 1624
• Established a tobacco plantation
• First used Indentured servants, however, as life
  expectancy in the colonies improved, planters
  purchased more slaves.
• Carolinas
• Slave labor produced rice and indigo
• Enslaved Africans and Stono Rebellion in
  descendants formed majority of the population
• 1739 led to more repressive policies towards
  slaves throughout the Southern colonies

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New England

• New England
• Religious freedom
• Pilgrims break completely from Church of
  England established Plymouth colony in
  Massachusetts
• Puritans wanted to reform the church of England
  settled in Massachusetts Bay colony
• Economy
• Climate and resources did not favor cash crop
  agriculture
• New Englanders traded timber, fur, and other
  forest products as well as fish to provide their
  economic foundation.
• New England also provided commercial and shipping
  services to the American colonies.
• Slaves and indentured servants were present in
  New England, but in very small numbers because of
  the lack of cash crop agriculture.

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Mid-Atlantic

• New York
• became a commercial and shipping center
• Exported grain to the Caribbean and Southern
  Europe
• Pennsylvania
• Developed into a wealthy grain exporting colony
  with Philadelphia as its major commercial city
• Grain was produced by free family farmers
• environmental factors and geography played a key
  role in the experience of slaves and the demand
  for slave labor

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• Students should group the colonies into three
  basic geographic categories New England, the
  Middle Atlantic, and the South.
• Some were private ventures whose purpose was
  escape from religious persecution, and others
  were private ventures designed to gather wealth.
• Some colonies were established by the monarchy,
  while others were given only a royal blessing.
  Their mode of settlement and types of societies
  varied as widely as their means of supporting
  themselves.
• The English added a new system of compulsory
  labor to the Americas as well. The introduction
  of indentured servants eventually accounted for
  approximately 80 percent of all English
  immigrants to Virginia and Maryland.
• In the northern part of the Carolinas, the
  colonys economy of tobacco and forest products
  encouraged a slow expansion of slavery.
• In Charleston and the interior of South Carolina
  settlers began to develop plantations and imitate
  the slave plantation systems of Brazil and the
  Caribbean.
• The introduction of rice and indigo crops
  attracted an increasing flow of African slaves.
• The New England colonies differed from the
  southern economies in dramatic fashion.