General Microbiology

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General Microbiology

• Nickolas V. Kapp Ph.D

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How to get a hold of Nick

• Office 738-4415
• E-mail Kapp_at_smccd.net
• FAX [phone]
• Office 7224
• Office hoursM,W,F 9 to 11. TTh By Arrangement

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The micro class

• We will normally have lecture from 935 till
  1050.
• See Course Outline
• Attendance and promptness will count towards your
  grade

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What if I want to look at my plates at some other
times?

• Open Lab hours are
• Mon and Wed 9 to 12
• Friday 10-2
• Check the notice on the lab door
• Remember you are working with live organisms and
  they have their own time schedule. Someone from
  your lab group will have to check on your
  materials

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Looking at plates during other classes

• Mostly no
• If you must make some observations during another
  lab class
• Dont bother a lecture in progress
• Find the instructor and ask
• Be prepared for a no
• You are meeting a possible instructor for your
  next class

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Materials required for this class.

• Text, Totora, Funke and Case Microbiology An
  Introduction, 10th ed.
• Case and Johnson Laboratory Experiments in
  Microbiology 9th ed.
• A lab coat or a large Lab shirt to cover
  yourself.
• Safety Glasses
• NO eating in the laboratory

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As you can see

• Sometimes there is a blur between what we do in
  lab and what we do in class.

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Evaluation

• See class outline

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Grading Scale

• A 90 and above
• B 8090
• C 68-80
• D 50-67
• Fail below 50

• Attendance will be taken in the first minutes of
  class.
• Each absence will result in the loss of points
  from the total possible.

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Extra Credit is possible.
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Participation Credit

• Joining ASM or NCMS (5pt)
• Answer question or ask one 1pt
• Enter microbe of the month 1pt
• Attend a meeting or lecture on microbiology and
  hand in a report (10pt)
• Field trip (to be announced) (5pt)
• Max of 15pt

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While some of the lecture material will change

• The Exam dates will not.

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Nick Kapp Ph.D.

• 7384415
• Kapp_at_smccd.net
• 8224

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What is a Microbe

• Smaller than 0.1mm
• Includes bugs, things, germs, viruses, protozoan,
  bacteria, animalcules, small suckers

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Nomenclature

• Carolus Linnaeus (1735)
• Genus species
• By custom once mentioned can be abbreviated with
  initial of genus followed by specific epithet.
  E. coli
• When two organisms share a common genus are
  related.

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Why study Microbiology

• Microbes are related to all life.
• In all environments
• Many beneficial aspects
• Related to life processes (food web, nutrient
  cycling)
• Only a minority are pathogenic.
• Most of our problems are caused by microbes

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EIDs

• Emerging infectious diseases
• Weapons of mass destruction
• New evolutionary features
• Response to man encroaching on the environment
• Can you name an example?

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Microbes in research

• 10 trillion human cells 10x this number microbes
• Easy to grow
• Biochemistry is essentially the same
• Simple and easy to study

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Biotechnology

• Use of biological systems to produce useful items
• The use of biological information to make things
  or improve the human condition

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Diversity of Microbes

• Bacteria-single celled prokaryotes
• Protozoa-eukaryotic, single celled, colonial,
  many ways of nutrition
• Fungi- absorb nutrients, single celled
  filamentous
• Viruses-acellular entities
• Others- worms, insects

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Bacteria

• Prokaryotes
• Peptidoglycan cell walls
• Binary fission
• For energy, use organic chemicals, inorganic
  chemicals, or photosynthesis

Figure 1.1a
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Archaea

• Prokaryotic
• Lack peptidoglycan
• Live in extreme environments
• Include
• Methanogens
• Extreme halophiles
• Extreme thermophiles

Halobacteria not from book
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Fungi

• Eukaryotes
• Chitin cell walls
• Use organic chemicals for energy
• Molds and mushrooms are multicellular consisting
  of masses of mycelia, which are composed of
  filaments called hyphae
• Yeasts are unicellular

Figure 1.1b
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Protozoa

• Eukaryotes
• Absorb or ingest organic chemicals
• May be motile via pseudopods, cilia, or flagella
• Most free some parasites

Figure 1.1c
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Algae

• Eukaryotes
• Cellulose cell walls
• Use photosynthesis for energy (primary producers)
• Produce molecular oxygen and organic compounds
• Metabolically diverse

Figure 1.1d
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Viruses

• Acellular
• Consist of DNA or RNA core
• Core is surrounded by a protein coat
• Coat may be enclosed in a lipid envelope
• Viruses are replicated only when they are in a
  living host cell

Figure 1.1e
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Multicellular Animal Parasites

• Eukaryote
• Multicellular animals
• Parasitic flatworms and round worms are called
  helminths.
• Microscopic stages in life cycles.

Figure fluke
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The Scientific Method

• Make an observation
• Make a hypothesis
• Test the hypothesis
• Draw your conclusions
• repeat

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Requirements for Scientific methods

• Single variables
• Experimental controls
• How can this be used to discover things?
• Does HIV cause AIDS??? Discuss

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Knowledge of microorganisms

• Allows humans to
• Prevent food spoilage
• Prevent disease occurrence
• Others?
• Led to aseptic techniques to prevent
  contamination in medicine and in microbiology
  laboratories.

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Universal precautions set up by CDC

• Use gloves, gowns, masks and goggles
• Minimize risk of needle sticks
• Disinfections procedure
• Preventative treatment after exposure
• Reduce risk
• Treat all patients the same
• HBV greater risk than HIV

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The Debate Over Spontaneous Generation

• The hypothesis that living organisms arise from
  nonliving matter is called spontaneous
  generation. According to spontaneous generation,
  a vital force forms life.
• The Alternative hypothesis, that the living
  organisms arise from preexisting life, is called
  biogenesis.

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Evidence Pro and Con

• 1668 Francisco Redi filled six jars with
  decaying meat.

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Evidence Pro and Con

• 1765 Lazzaro Spallanzani boiled nutrient
  solutions in flasks.

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The Theory of Biogenesis

• Pasteurs S-shaped flask kept microbes out but
  let air in.

Figure 1.3
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Where is Microbiology currently being practiced?
I.e. jobs

• Put your Choice here

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A timeline of Microbiology

• Fig 1.4
• Some highlights
• 1665 Hooke
• 1673 van Leeuwenhoeks microscopes
• 1735 Linnaeus Nomenclature
• 1798 Jenner vaccine
• 1857 Pasteur Fermentation
• 1876 Koch germ theory of disease

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The Golden Age of Microbiology

• 1857-1914
• Beginning with Pasteurs work, discoveries
  included the relationship between microbes and
  disease, immunity, and antimicrobial drugs

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Fermentation and Pasteurization

• Pasteur showed that microbes are responsible for
  fermentation.
• Fermentation is the conversation of sugar to
  alcohol to make beer and wine.
• Microbial growth is also responsible for spoilage
  of food.
• Bacteria that use alcohol and produce acetic acid
  spoil wine by turning it to vinegar (acetic acid).

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Fermentation and Pasteurization

• Pasteur demonstrated that these spoilage bacteria
  could be killed by heat that was not hot enough
  to evaporate the alcohol in wine. This
  application of a high heat for a short time is
  called pasteurization.

Figure 1.4
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The Germ Theory of Disease

• 1835 Agostino Bassi showed a silkworm disease
  was caused by a fungus.
• 1865 Pasteur believed that another silkworm
  disease was caused by a protozoan.
• 1840s Ignaz Semmelwise advocated hand washing to
  prevent transmission of puerperal fever from one
  OB patient to another.

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The Germ Theory of Disease

• 1860s Joseph Lister used a chemical disinfectant
  to prevent surgical wound infections after
  looking at Pasteurs work showing microbes are in
  the air, can spoil food, and cause animal
  diseases.
• 1876 Robert Koch provided proof that a bacterium
  causes anthrax and provided the experimental
  steps, Kochs postulates, used to prove that a
  specific microbe causes a specific disease.

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The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy

• Treatment with chemicals is chemotherapy.
• Chemotherapeutic agents used to treat infectious
  disease can be synthetic drugs or antibiotics.
• Antibiotics are chemicals produced by bacteria
  and fungi that inhibit or kill other microbes.
• Quinine from tree bark was long used to treat
  malaria.
• 1910 Paul Ehrlich developed a synthetic arsenic
  drug, salvarsan, to treat syphilis.
• 1930s Sulfonamides were synthesized.

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The Birth of Modern Chemotherapy

• 1928 Alexander Fleming discovered the first
  antibiotic.
• He observed that Penicillium fungus made an
  antibiotic, penicillin, that killed S. aureus.
• 1940s Penicillin was tested clinically and mass
  produced.

Similar to Figure 1.5
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Modern Developments in Microbiology

• Bacteriology is the study of bacteria.
• Mycology is the study of fungi.
• Parasitology is the study of protozoa and
  parasitic worms.
• Recent advances in genomics, the study of an
  organisms genes, have provided new tools for
  classifying microorganisms.
• Proteomics is looking at the gene products

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Selected Novel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine

• 1901 von Behring Diphtheria antitoxin
• 1902 Ross Malaria
  transmission
• 1905 Koch TB bacterium
• 1908 Metchnikoff Phagocytes
• 1945 Fleming, Chain, Florey Penicillin
• 1952 Waksman Streptomycin
• 1969 Delbrück, Hershey, Luria Viral replication
• 1987 Tonegawa Antibody genetics
• Prusiner Prions
• Agre, Mackirron water
  and ion channels
• 2005 Marshall, Warren
  Helicobacter and ulcers
• 2008 Hausen
  Papilloma and viruses

• The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.

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Principles of Microscopy

• Metric units (table 3.1)
• Micrometer
• Nanometer
• angstrom

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Compound light microscopy

• Basic parts
• Eyepieces (ocular lens)
• Base
• Condenser
• Iris diaphragm
• Objective lens
• Body tube
• Mechanical stage
• Adjustment knobs

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Magnification

• Calculation
• Objective power x ocular power total power
• Parafocial
• Paracentric
• Microscopic measurement
• Micrometer? Why must we calibrate it?

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Modern Developments in Microbiology

• Diagnostics
• Prevention
• Use as a tool
• Surveys and vigilance

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What you should know?

• What are microbes?
• What types of microbes?
• Some history Highlights
• The Magic Bullet
• Microbes and human Welfare
• Microbes and Human Disease
• The CDC