Diana Baumrind

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Diana Baumrind

• Styles of Parenting

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Background

• Born in New York City in 1927
• Completed her B.A. in Psychology and Philosophy
  at Hunter College in 1948
• Graduated from the University of California,
  Berkeley with a M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology at.
• Served as a staff psychologist at Cowell Memorial
  Hospital in Berkeley.
• Director of two U. S. Public Health Service
  projects and a consultant on a California state
  project.
• Clinical and developmental psychologist at the
  Institute of Human Development, University of
  California, Berkeley.
• For more information on her credentials, see
  http//ihd.berkeley.edu/baumcv.htm

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• Diana Baumrind is known for her research on
  parenting styles.
• Her research on parenting styles were based on
  two aspects
• 1. Parental responsiveness which refers to the
• degree the parent responds to the child's
• needs.
• 2. Parental demandingness extent to which
  the
• parent expects more mature and responsible
• behavior from a child.

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3 Styles of Parenting

• Authoritarian
• Authoritative
• Permissive (a.k.a Indulgent or Non - Directive)

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The Authoritarian Parent

• High in demandingness and low in responsiveness
• Attempts to shape and control childs behavior
  and attitudes with an absolute set of rules
• Values obedience
• Favors punitive and forceful measures of
  punishment
• Assigns household chores to instill a respect for
  work
• Regards a high preservation of order
• Does not engage in verbal give and take believes
  child should take his/her word as what is right
• Highly controlling
• .

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Effects of the Authoritarian Parent on the Child

• Performs moderately in school
• Less likely to become involved in deviant
  behavior
• Poorer social skills when compared to children of
  Authoritative parents
• Lower Self-Esteem
• Higher levels of Depression

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The Authoritative Parent

• High in both demandingness and responsiveness
• Attempts to direct behavior using an
  issue-oriented manner
• Encourages verbal give and take
• Shares reasoning behind decisions
• Reinforces his/her perspective, but recognizes
  childs interests and special ways
• Affirms childs current qualities but set a
  standard for future conduct
• Uses reason, power, reinforcement to achieve
  desired behavior
• .

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Effects of the Authoritative Parent on the Child

• Perform well scholastically
• Exhibit few internalizing or externalizing
  behaviors
• More socially competent
• Confident
• Less likely to get into trouble

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The Permissive Parent

• Low in demandingness and high in responsiveness
• Attempts to behave in a nonpunitive and acceptant
  manner toward a childs behavior and needs
• Consults with child when making decisions
• Gives reason for family rules
• Few demands for responsibility or orderly
  behavior
• Presents as a resource for th child to use as
  he/she wishes
• Allows child to regulate own behavior
• Does not encourage the child to adhere to defined
  standards
• Uses reason and manipulation to achieve desired
  goals
• .

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Effects of the Permissive Parent on the Child

• High Self-Esteem
• Better Social Skills
• Lower levels of depression
• Disengaged in school
• Higher chance of deviant behavior including drug
  and alcohol abuse

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Use of Punishment

• Baurminds research found that mild punishment
  can have a beneficial side effects because it
  can suppress unacceptable responses and/or
  behavior
• If punishment is to be used effectively and
  humanely by parents, they should remember
• Timing of the punishment in relationship to the
  inappropriate act
• To accompany punishment with an explanation of
  what the desirable act should consist of or look
  like
• Baumrind is frequently quoted during discussions
  on spanking and corporal punishment. View a few
  recent articles for her thoughts.
• New York Times APA.org Irregular
  Times APA.org

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Additional Information on Parenting Styles

• http//www.athealth.com/Practitioner/ceduc/parenti
  ngstyles.html
• http//www.ericdigests.org/1999-4/parenting.htm

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Additional articles on Parenting Styles and the
effects on children
Amato, P.R. Fowler, F. (2002). Parenting
practices, child adjustment, and family
diversity. Journal of Marriage and the Family,
64 (3) 703-716 . Baumrind, D. (1996). The
discipline controversy revisited. Family
Relations, 45 (4), 405-414. Julian, T.W.,
McKenry, P.C., McKelvey, M.W. (1994). Cultural
variations in parenting Perceptions of
caucasian, african-american, hispanic, and
asian-american parents. Family Relations, 43
(1), 30-37. Kandel, D.B. (1990). Parenting
styles, drug use, and children's adjustment in
families of young adult . Journal of Marriage
and the Family, 52, (1), 183-196. Wentzel, K.R.
(2002). Are effective teachers like good parents?
Teaching styles and student adjustment in early
adolescence. Child Development, 73, (1) 287-301.
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What Kind of Parent Are You???

• Here are a few parenting quizzes that may provide
  some insight on your parenting style
• http//pediatrics.about.com/cs/quizzes/l/bl_prnt_s
  tyle.htm
• http//www.activeparenting.com/parentquiz.htmanch
  or2145

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Bibliography
Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of Authoritative
Parental Control on Child Behavior, Child
Development, 37(4), 887-907. Baumrind, D.
(1967). Child care practices anteceding three
patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic
Psychology Monographs, 75(1), 43-88. Dornbusch,
S.M., Ritter, P.L., Leiderman, P.H., Roberts,
D.F., Fraleigh, M.J. (1987). The relation of
parenting style to adolescent school
performance. Child Development, 58(5),
1244-1257. Lamborn, S.D., Mounts, N.S.,
Steinberg, L., Dornbusch, S.M. (1991).
Patterns of competence and adjustment among
adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian,
indulgent, and neglectful families.
Child Development, 62 (5), 1049-1065. Weiss.
L.H. (1996). The relationship between parenting
types and older adolescents personality,
academic achievement, adjustment, and substance
abuse. Child Development, 67, 2101-2114.