Survey of Microorganisms

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Survey of Microorganisms

• Virus
• Bacteria
• Cyanobacteria
• Algae
• Fungi
• protozoa

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VIRUS

• Obligated intracellular parasite.
• host specific
• bacteriophage
• animal virus
• plant virus
• according to its genetic material
• DNA virus
• RNA virus
• Shape
• Most common shape is icosahedral , some are
  helical shape
• Structure
• Protein capsid and genetic material some
  animal virus have
• envelope with glycoprotein spikes
• Life cycle lytic infection lysogenic infection
• Some animal virus are closely associated with
  certain cancers

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Comparison of naked and enveloped viruses
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The replication cycle of a bacterial virus(1)
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The replication cycle of a bacterial virus(2)
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The replication cycle of a bacterial virus(3)
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Consequences of infection by a temperate
bacteriophage
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Quantification of a bacterial virus by plaque
assay
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Viral genomes
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Plus/minus strand designation
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Formation of mRNA by different types of viruses
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Rolling circle replication of bacteriophage lambda
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Shapes and relative sizes of vertebrate viruses(1)
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Shapes and relative sizes of vertebrate viruses(2)
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Possible effects of animals virus infection on
cells
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Retrovirus structure and function(1)
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Replication process of a retroviruses(1)
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Replication process of a retroviruses(2)
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Retrovirus structure and function(2)
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Retrovirus Gene Structure

• Gag group antigens
• Pol Reverse Transcriptase
• Env Envelope
• Src Code for Protein Kinase, responsible for
  the malignant transformation
• Onc Oncogen is analogous to the Src gene -
  induce transformation

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DNA tumor virus

• 1. Epstein Bar Virus Burkitts Lymphoma
• Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
• 2. Herpes Simplex type 2 carcinoma of uterine
  cervix
• 3. Papilloma virus uterine cervix
• 4. Hepatitis B liver carcinoma

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Taxonomy (1)

• 1. Species Organism sharing a set of biological
  traits and reproducing only their exact kind.
  (Species is the fundamental unit in taxonomy)
• a. strain organisms within the species varying
  in a given quality
• b. types organisms within the species varying
  immunologically.
• 2. Genus closely related species
• 3. Family closely related genera

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Taxonomy (2)

• 4. Order closely related families
• 5. Class closely related order
• 6. Phylum related classes
• Use nutritional patterns, as well as structure
  ones and biochemical properties, provide
  guidelines for classification of microorganisms.
  E.g.. Autotrophy, heterotopy, oxygen requirement
  etc.

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• Superkingdom Prokaryotes
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• Kingdom Monera
• Bacteria
• Cyanobacteria

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Internal cell structure (1)
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• Superkingdom Eukaryotes
• Kingdom Protista
• Branch protophyta
• (Plant like protist)
• algae
• Branch protomycota (fungus like
  protists)
• slime mold
• Branch Protozoa
• (animal like protists)
• amoeba

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Internal cell structure (2)
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The electron micrographs of representatives
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• Kingdom Fungi
• Kingdom Plantae
• Kingdom Animalia

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Archaebacteria

• It is a procaryotes, different from bacteria.
• Cell Membrane
• Form lipid monolayer instead of lipid bilayer
  (in methanogens and thermophilic archaebacteria)
• Cell Wall
• Archaebacteria has no muramic acid and D-amino
  acids.
• Had pseudopeptidoglycan (use N-acetylglucosamine
  and N-acetyltalosaminuronic acid).
• Most of them are thermphile or halophilic, or
  methanogens. Anaerobic.

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Summary of major differentiating features between
eubacteria, archaebacteria and eucaryotes
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BACTERIA

• Typical prokaryotes.
• Three shapes cocci, bacilli and spiral
• Can be autotroph or heterotroph
• Autotroph photoautotroph or chemoautotroph
• Heterotroph parasite or saprophyte
• According to Gram stain G or G-
• Type of reproduction binary fission
• Some genetic material transfer
• transformation, transduction and conjugation

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Bacterial morphologies (1)
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Bacterial morphologies (2)
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Bacterial morphologies (3)
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Bacterial morphologies (4)
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The genetic map of the F-plasmid
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Cyanobacteria

• Blue green algae, in both fresh and marine water.
  
• A typical procayrotic living organism
• Autotroph, photosynthesis machinery is very
  similar to higher plants.
• No chloroplast, have chlorophyll and other
  pigments such as phycocyanin, phycoerythrin,
  carotene etc.
• Three forms unicellular, colonial and filaments.
• Some filament cyanobacteria have heterocyst that
  can fix N2 to ammonia.
• e.g. Anacystis , Oscillatoria

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Fungi

• Eucaryotic living organisms
• Heterotroph
• (1) unicellular yeast
• (2) muticellular molds

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(1) Yeast

• Reproduction
• Budding processes (asexual reproduction)
  forming buds on the mother cell when mature,
  punch off to become new single yeast cells. sex
  spores (sexual reproduction), produce sex spores
  following the fusion of two separate cells.
• Many yeast convert carbohydrates to alcohol for
  alcoholic beverages (e.g. Saccharomyces
  cerevisiae)
• Some are used to raise bread (produce CO2 in the
  dough)

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Multicellular fungi

• More complex than yeast, many of them become
  visible as mildew in damp weather. have hair
  like structure (mycelium)
• Sexual and asexual reproduction
• Some mold are responsible for the flavor of fine
  cheeses.
• Major sources of antibiotics
• e.g. Penicillium chrysogenum for penicillin

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Slim Mold (lower fungi)

• This is a lower fungi, in Protista and
  protomycota.
• It is similar to fungi, but distinct.
• Heterotroph.
• They live in cool, shady moist places in nature -
  on decaying wood, dead leaves or other damp
  organic matter.

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Algae

• Eucaryotic living organisms
• Autotroph
• Carry out a green plant type of photosynthesis
  resulting in the photolysis of water and the
  evolution of O2.
• Mainly aquatic in nature.
• Some of the primitive ones are classified in
  protista complex multicellular types are placed
  in plant kingdom.
• Three forms unicellular, filaments and colonial.
• 7 classes on the basis of their cellular
  structure, pigment composition. Only five will be
  discussed in here and differentiate them using
  food storage particles.
• e.g. euglena, spirogyra and cladophora.

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Algae

• Euglenoids
• eg. Euglena
• food storage is a lipoid polysaccharide -
  paramylum
• Green algae
• eg. Chlamydomonas
• food storage - starch
• Golden Brown algae
• eg. Diatoms
• food storage oil and leucosin (a
  polysaccharide)
• have fucoxanthin, a brownish pigment
• Brown Algae
• Mainly marine water algae
• food storage laminarin, a polysaccharide and
  mannitol, a sugar alcohol
• Fire Algae
• Dinoflagellate
• eg. Peridinium
• food storage starch, fat, oils

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Protozoa

• Unicellular, heterotroph
• Animal like, move, they are either free living or
  parasites.
• A wide variety of shapes and sizes
• some elongated, some are oval.
• Sizes from 5-10 um to 1-2 mm.
• Sexual or asexual reproduction
• e.g. amoebas, paramecium

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Protozoa

• Asexually some exhibit sexual reproduction.
  Cyst, enables them to survive drought, heat and
  freezing.
• Three Phyla
• Sarcomastigophora
• subphyla Sarcodina Pseudopods eg. Amoeba
• Mastigophora Zooflagellates eg.
  Heteronema
• Ciliophora most advanced and structurally
  complex of protozoa.
• eg. Paramecium, Blepharisma, Stentor
• Sporazoa
• internal parasites eg. Plasmodium, the malarial
  parasite.