Sandhi 1

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Sandhi 1
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Rules of external sandhi for anusvàra

• 1. Word-final m ? ü before a word-initial
  consonant
• devam pasyati s/he sees the god'
• devaü pasyati
• devam dadarsa s/he saw the god'
• devaü dadarsa
• pårvam sattvam the former existence'
• pårvaü sattvam

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Rules of external sandhi for anusvàra

• 2. Optionally, ü becomes a homorganic nasal
  before a following consonant
•   ü ? ï before a velar consonant
• ü ? before a palatal consonant
• ü ? õ before a retroflex consonant
• ü ? n before a dental consonant
• ü ? m before a labial consonant
• devaü dadarsa s/he saw the god'
• devan dadarsa

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• This assimilation takes place neither before
  the fricatives (s, ù, s, h) nor before r, and
  happens only rarely before the other semivowels
• ü ? ?? before y
• ü ? ?? before v
• ü ? l? before l
•   asvaü vinà without a horse'
• asva?? vinà (written Añv! ivna )

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Rules of external sandhi for visarga

• 1. A word-final visarga remains unchanged before
  a word-initial labial or velar voiceless stop
•   yasaþ pràpa s/he obtained fame'
• yasaþ pràpa
• puruùaþ khanati the man digs'
• puruùaþ khanati

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Rules of external sandhi for visarga
  asvaþ tiùñhati the horse
stands' asvas tiùñhati taiþ
ñaïkaiþ with those hoes' taiù
ñaïkaiþ tataþ ca and then' tatas
ca
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Rules of external sandhi for visarga

• 3. Word-final àþ ? à before any voiced sound
•   devàþ gacchanti the gods go'
• devà gacchanti
• devàþ àsate the gods sit'
• devà àsate

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Rules of external sandhi for visarga

• 4. Word-final aþ ? o before any voiced
• consonant
• devaþ gacchati the god goes'
• devo gacchati
• devaþ rocate the god shines'
• devo rocate

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Rules of external sandhi for visarga

• 5. Word-final aþ ? a before any vowel other
  than short a
• devaþ àste the god sits'
• deva àste
• devaþ iha the god here'
• deva iha

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Rules of external sandhi for visarga

• 6. When word-final aþ is followed by a, aþ ? o
  and the following a is elided (where elision is
  indicated by the used of the avagraha)
•   devaþ asti he is a god'
• devo 'sti (written devae iSt )

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Rules of external sandhi for visarga

• 7. Before a consonant, the words saþ that' and
  eùaþ this' behave exceptionally. Optionally,
  they lose their final þ before any consonant
  (voiced or voiceless)
• saþ gacchati that one goes'
• sa gacchati
• eùaþ puruùaþ this man'
• eùa puruùaþ

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A rule of internal sandhi converting n to õ
n ? õ when it is preceded in the same word by r,
ù, or é?, and is immediately followed by a vowel,
semivowel, or nasal, provided that a palatal,
retroflex, or dental consonant doesn't intervene
between the r/ù/é? and the n.
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A rule of internal sandhi converting n to õ
né- -nàm of men (gen. pl.)' néõàm
brahman- -ya- pious' brahmaõya-ràjàn-
-aþ kings (nom. pl.)' ràjànaþ