Western Europe

1
Western Europe

• Continuity and Change
• Dardan, Deanna, Rea, Maheen, Kristin

2
8000 BC 600 CE - Dardan

• 2,000 BC - Minoan - a Bronze Age civilization,
  arose on the island of Crete. The civilization
  reached its peak at about 2,000 BCE.
• 2,000 BC Extensive commerce between Egypt and
  Greece.
• 1,600 BC - Mycenaean - The Mycenaean period fell
  between the arrival of the Greeks in the Aegean
  around 1600 BC and the collapse of their Bronze
  Age civilization around 1100 BC. Mycenaean
  civilization was dominated by a warrior
  aristocracy. Around 1400 BC the Mycenaeans
  extended their control to Crete, center of
  the Minoan civilization, and adopted a form the
  Minoan script called Linear A to write their
  early form of Greek. They Mycenaeans reached
  dominance on Crete between 1,500 and 800 BC.
• 1,500-800 BC - period of Greek history from the
  presumed Dorian invasion and end of the Mycenaean
  Palatial civilization around 1200 BC, to the
  first signs of the Greek city-states in the 9th
  century BC.
• 1,400 BC - Destruction of Knossos and end of
  Minoan Civilization.
• 1,400 BC - a ten-year war waged by the
  confederated Greeks under Agamemnon against the
  Trojans to avenge the abduction of Helen, wife of
  Menelaus, by Paris, son of the Trojan king Priam,
  and ending in the plundering and burning of Troy.
  
• 1,2001,100 - Collapse of Mycenaean civilization
  in Greece.
• 800 BC - Beginning of city-states (polis) in
  Greece. It was a political entity ruled by its
  body of citizens.
• 753 BC - Rome founded, a civilization that grew
  out of a small agricultural community founded on
  the Italian Peninsula.
• 750 BC The Iliad and The Odyssey - stories of
  love and war, hope and despair, and honor and
  glory written by Homer.
• 700 BC - Earliest Greek settlement in Egypt's
  Nile delta.
• 650 BC - Shift from cavalry (horses) to infantry
  (soldiers) in Greece.
• 650-500 BC - Doric architectural style (simple
  but strong structures).
• 600 BC - Invention of coinage by Lydian's.
• 600 BC - Thales of Miletus - a presocratic Greek
  philosopher and astronomer (predicted eclipse).
• 594 BC Reforms of Solon (lawgiver) in Athens.
  He faced improving the conditions of debt-ridden
  farmers laborers forced into bondage over debt,
  and the middle classes who were excluded from
  government.
• 530 BC Pythagoras - Greek philosopher,
  mathematician, and religious reformer.
• 508 BC - Reforms of Cleisthenes in Athens -
  reformed the constitution of ancient Athens and
  set it on a democratic footing.
• 500-400 BC - Ionic architectural style (Ionic
  order) fancier and more delicate than Doric
  architecture.

3
8000 BC 600 CE - Dardan

• 500 BC - Establishment of Roman Republic.
• 490-479 BC Greco-Persian War - series of
  conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire of
  Persia and city-states of the Hellenic world.
• 478-404 BC Delian League - association of
  173 Greek city-states under the leadership
  of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting
  the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in
  the Battle of Plataea at the end of the
  GrecoPersian Wars.
• 469 BC - Socrates Athenian philosopher.
• 460 BC Pathenon - temple of the Greek
  goddess Athena.
• 450 BC Law of Twelve Tables -
  ancient legislation that stood at the foundation
  of Roman law.
• 431-404 BC - Peloponnesian War - war between
  Athens and Sparta, that resulted in the transfer
  of hegemony (leadership) in Greece from Athens to
  Sparta.
• 429 BC Plato - Greek philosopher.
• 400-300 BC - Corinthian style architecture
  fancier and heavier than Ionic style, mainly used
  by the Romans.
• 384 BC Aristotle - Greek philosopher.
• 338 BC - Macedonian conquest of Greece.
• 334-323 BC - Conquests of Alexander the Great.
• 323 BC - Death of Alexander, division of his
  empire.
• 264-146 BC - Punic Wars between Rome and Carthage
  - resultied in the destruction of Carthage and
  the annexation of its territory by Rome.
• 250-100 BC - Growth of slavery.
• 183-145 BC Greek invasion of India - The Greeks
  invaded India several times, starting with the
  conquest of Alexander the Great (trade
  between India and Greece flourished
  with silk, spices, and gold being traded).
• 146 BC Destruction of Carthage by Rome.
• 146-60 BC - Introduction of Greek philosophy to
  Rome.
• 46-44 BC - Dictatorship of Caesar in Rome.

4
8000 BC 600 CE - Dardan

• 284-305 CE Diocletian Emperor of Rome
  divided the empire into east and west (286) in an
  attempt to rule the territory more effectively
  his desire to revive the old religion of Rome led
  to the last major persecution of the Christians
  (303).
• 306-337 CE Constantine I Emperor of Rome
  named Constantinople as the new capital legally
  sanctioned Christian worship.
• 311 CE - Beginning of toleration of Christians in
  Roman Empire.
• 379-395 CE - Theodosius I - Roman emperor of the
  Eastern Roman Empire. He prohibited pagan
  practices and in his will divided the empire
  between his two sons.
• 380 CE - Christianity becomes the official Roman
  religion.
• 410 CE Visgoths sack Rome. (a member of the
  westerly division of the Goths, which formed a
  monarchy about 418, maintaining it in southern
  France until 507 and in Spain until 711.)
• 476 CE - Deposition of last western Roman
  emporer.
• 500-700 CE - Decline of towns and trade in the
  west.
• 527-565 CE - Justinian Byzantine Emperor.
• 532-537 CE - Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia.
• Change and Continuity
• Architectural Styles changed greatly as people
  experimented with different styles. They were
  interested in strong structure but also desired
  wealthy, fancy-looking structures.
• In Ancient Rome, a great change was the
  observation of religion. At first the Christians
  were suppressed and prosecuted but only less than
  a century after, it became the main religion in
  the area.
• City States/ Delian League
• Some great examples of continuity were
  Interaction, ideas, and philosophers.
• Interaction people interacted mainly for
  commerce. However, they also experienced problems
  which resulted in wars.
• Idea and philosophers they all improved on the
  previous person ideas and views.

5
600 CE 1450 CE - Deanna

• Political
• DecentralizationRoman Empire fallsByzantium
  splits into two regionsConstantinople falls to
  the TurksCharlemagne and Otto the Great revive
  the idea of empire and allied with the
  churchCharlemagne--gt Holy Roman EmpirePower
  struggle between political leaders and
  popesfeudalism- form of government based on land
  owning, alliances between Lords and Vassals,
  ranking of power and authorityCanon Law- the law
  of the churchEngland and France developed strong
  central governments showing forms of
  democracy100 Years War weakened fuedal power
• Economic
• Invasions in the western half of the Roman Empire
  affected tradeBusiness collapsed, the cities
  fell, causing population shiftsThe Franks held
  powermanors- Lords estate, set of rights
  between serfs and lords, self-sufficient
  communityimprovements in farming three-field
  system, use of horsesGold Salt Trade
• Religion
• Islam (everywhere but Egypt and Ethiopia) and
  ChristianityThe germans adopted
  ChristianityIslam and christianity converted
  manyThe Hagia Sophia in ConstantinopleJustinian
  s Code The Code, The Digest, The Institutes, and
  the Novellae (New Laws)The Great Schism Roman
  Catholic vs Eastern Orthodox feuding beliefs and
  rulesThe Vikings worshipped warlike GodsThe
  Crusades- holy wars The first crusade was most
  successful, rest were littleGothic
  cathedralsPower struggles between kings and
  popes

6
600 CE 1450 CE - Deanna

• Social
• Feudalism/ Chivalrysocial classes king--gt
  church official/nobles--gt knights--gt peasantsthe
  manor was the lords estate, peasants worked on
  the manorschivalry ideals of knightsknights
  must defend their masters, devote himself to a
  lord, and a chosen lady loyal, brave, courteous.
  Most knights did not fit these qualitiesPower by
  land ownersThe Shifting Rights of women roles
  became limited to home/conventimprovements in
  farming lead to increase in population Economic
• Interaction
• Turks adopting islambyzantines, Slavs, Arabs,
  Turks, and Mongols ttok part in wars in attempt
  to expand their territoriesthe vikings arrived
  from ScandinaviaGothic stylePolyphonic
  musicThe Bubonic Plague killed millions and
  weakened the manorial economy
• Art/Architecture
• Greek Fire- flammable liquid Byzantines used
  this weapon on the Arab seige of
  Constantinoplethe creation of the Cyrillic
  AlphabetThe Vikings had excellent weapons and
  shipsGutenberg Printing Press
• Changes and Continuity
• A major change was the introduction of Islam in
  622. This was completely new to people because
  Christianity was the main religion.
• A major continuity is the repetition of rise,
  prosperity, decline, and fall of empires this
  time the Roman Empire (to the Turks).

7
1450 1750 - Rea

• Early Modern Period- years of political,
  religious, intellectual, and socioeconomic
  transformationNations grew stronger, more
  stableOne major Christian denomination in
  Europe Roman Catholicism (Eastern Orthodox
  popular only in Byzantium and Eastern
  Europe)Started in 1517 Martin Luther opposed
  indulgencesNinety-five Theses launched general
  attack against church abuses and Catholic
  doctrineLutheranism (new church)
  1520sProtestant Reformation new movementsJohn
  Calvin proposed a more extreme form of
  ProtestantismMany beliefs separated them from
  Catholics -did not venerate the saints -rituals
  and sacrifices were less important -priests
  allowed to marry -salvation by grace nothing
  but Gods grace could bring a worshipper to
  heaven -encouraged to read the Bible for
  themselves -made education and literacy
  important
• Catholic Reformation mid-to-late 1500sCouncil
  of Trent 1545-1563 church wanted to eliminate
  corrupt practicesSupported creation of religious
  art and architecture Baroque movementReligious
  discipline authority of the pope, gave new power
  to Holy Inquisition, approved of the Jesuits,
  produced missionaries to combat
  Protestantism1520s-1640s religious wars tried
  to force Protestants back to Catholic
  foldEuropean countries became nation-statesDurin
  g Middle Ages monarchs forced to the feudal
  systemBy 1600s states were developing
  bureaucracies collecting taxes, banks, general
  staffs (army), admiralties (navy), ministries,
  cabinetsStill traces of monarchs, aristocrats
  governments becoming rationalDuring 1500s rulers
  wanted to centralize political power two types
  of monarchy absolutism and parliamentarism Absol
  ute monarchies no legal limitation to
  monarchLouis XIV (1661-1715) created bureaucracy
  and national economy, built largest army and navy
  in Europe, involved France with too many wars
  damaged economy

8
1450 1750 - Rea

• Fredrick the Great (1740-1786) Prussia one of
  the most effective monarchs, victory over
  Austria, France, Russia during Seven Years
  War England and Dutch Republic parliamentary
  monarchies ruler governed with lawmaking body
  appointed by aristocracy, electedAdvantages were
  obvious strong economies, powerful navies,
  urbanized societies, intellectual and cultural
  outlooksThe Renaissance spreading in Europe
  until 1600s led to the baroque period, dominated
  painting and architecture, emphasized dynamic and
  colorful, birth of opera. During the mid-1500s,
  individuals such as Andreas Vesalius (human
  anatomy) and Nicolaus Copernicus (heliocentric
  theory earth and other plants revolve around
  sun) began exploring scientific
  boundariesScientific RevolutionGalileo
  popularized Copernicus theories States of
  matter (liquid, gas, solid), light consisting of
  waves or particles, living creatures made up of
  cells, capillaries, vacuums, statisticsIsaac
  Newton (1642-1727) laws of motion, concepts of
  gravity, calculus1700s-Age of Enlightenment
  human logic and rationality, world of
  reasonLocke, Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau,
  HobbesAll believed government should be
  rationally organized and regulated but not all
  the same ideas about politics and
  societyColumbian Exchange- agricultural
  revolution 1700sNew foods from Americas corn
  and potatoes soil aeration, adoption of iron
  plows, rotation of crops population growth,
  environmental changes, increased demography
• Early modern period new economic philosophies
  developed Mercantilism strict state control
  over economic activityCapitalism part of the
  Enlightenment free trade, competition, supply
  and demandWomen became more active education,
  participation in economic role, more rights
  control over marriage, divorce, childbirth,
  inheritance yet still not equal to men
• Change and Continuity
• A major change for this time period was the
  introduction of the Protestant and Catholic
  Reformation many changes were seen within the
  religion.
• Another change was the introduction of Absolute
  Monarchs who had no limit to their power. This
  can also be a continuity because it has been seen
  before, but not as widely.

9
1750-1914 - Maheen

• The Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)- Science
  Technology From the spinning jenny to the
  locomotive train, there was an explosion of
  inventions and technological advances.- Empire
  Building The global power balance shifted after
  the Industrial Revolution. Industrialized nations
  dominated the rest of the world.- Economy The
  Industrial Revolution transformed economic
  systems. In part, this was because nations
  dramatically changed the way they produced and
  distributed goods.

10
1750-1914 - Maheen

• The French Revolution and Napoleon (1789
  1815)- Power Authority With absolute rulers
  dominating Europe, the enlightenment thinkers
  began questioning why so few held so much
  power. - Napoleon - French general who became
  emperor of the French (1769-1821)- The French
  Revolution - (17891799) was a period of radical
  social and political upheaval in French and
  European history. The absolute monarchy that had
  ruled France for centuries collapsed in three
  years. French society underwent an epic
  transformation as feudal, aristocratic, and
  religious privileges evaporated under a sustained
  assault from liberal political groups and the
  masses on the streets. Old ideas about hierarchy
  and tradition succumbed to new Enlightenment
  principles of citizenship and inalienable
  rights.- The American Revolution inspired the
  French Revolution. - Economy There was a weak
  economy in France because of the wide gap between
  the rich and poor. 

Change and Continuity A great change seen was
the technological developments used in
war. Continuity was evident with the revolutions
and enlightenments that were taking place.

• The Great War (1914 1918)- Science
  Technology Advances in weaponry from
  improvements to the machine gun and airplane, to
  the invention of the tank, led to mass
  devastation during World War I. - Economy The
  war greatly affected many European economies. The
  warring governments were desperate for resources.
  They converted many industries to munitions
  factories. They also took greater control of the
  production of goods. In addition, they put
  thousands of unemployed people to work. - Power
  Authority The quest among European nations
  for greater power played a role in causing World
  War I. By the turn of the 20th century, the
  nations of Europe were driven by intense feelings
  of superiority. They competed with each other on
  many fronts. They also built large armies to
  display their might. 

11
1914-Present - Kristin

• Political
• --Background causes of WWI an arms race had
  emerged as each individual nation sought to
  create the worlds strongest army. - Late 1800s
  and early 1900s, in an attempt to maintain the
  balance of power, many nations in Europe entered
  alliances for protection. (Triple Alliance of
  Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy the Triple
  Entente, among Britain, Russia, and France.)
• --Immediate cause of WWI June 28, 1914 the
  assassination of archduke Francis Ferdinand. -gt
  Germany pledges support to Austria-Hungary -gt
  Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia -gt Russia
  mobilizes forces against Austria-Hungary in
  support of Serbia -gt Germany declares war on
  Russian and then on France -gt Germany invades
  Belgium -gt Britain declares war on Germany.
• --Results of WWI Some nations, (France Great
  Britain) emerged victorious and retained imperial
  control. The process of decolonization was
  underway significant increase in nationalism
  throughout colonial world Ottoman and
  Austro-Hungarian empires split -gt the creation of
  new nations, Yugoslavia and Poland Ottoman
  Empire broke up and were put under the mandate of
  the French and British - Allies met in Paris in
  1919-gttheir peace plan included the Treaty of
  Versailles between Allies and Germany-gtensured
  that Germany would never again be a threat to the
  security if Europe Other allied leaders, David
  Lloyd George of Britain and Georges Clemenceau,
  sought to punish the losers, Germany. - League
  of Nations was created in hopes of avoiding
  future wars and maintaining peace.
• --Mandate System stated that colonies and
  territories needed assistance as they prepared
  for self-government and that more advanced
  nations would act as guides for the less
  experienced ones.
• --Rise of Fascism emerged in Italy and Germany
  during the interwar period-gtfaced economic
  depression and were in need of strong leaders
  extreme nationalism and state control over all
  aspects of life Italy Mussolini emphasized
  state over the individual and transformed nation
  into totalitarian state. Germany promoted b
  National Socialist German Workers Party, with
  elements of militarism and anti-Semitism by
  early 1930s, the Nazi Party had control over
  German parliament, and by 1934, Hitler became
  leader of Germany Nazis severely limited
  peoples civil liberties, outlawed all other
  political parties, and took control of police
  force. Under Hitler, the terms of the Treaty of
  Versailles were ignored he built up a military
  and aggressively took control of foreign lands.
• In the late 1930s, Europe felt compelled to
  respond to aggressive actions of Hitler. - 1938
  Munich Conference 1939, Hitler took over
  Czechoslovakia and invaded Poland April 1946,
  the Allies marched into Germany, Hitler committed
  suicide
• Origins of WWII Axis Powers and Allied Powers
  Italy attacked Ethiopia, violating the League of
  Nations Germany violated Treaty of Versailles
  Appeasement
• 1939 Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany violates the
  pact by invading the Soviet Union in June 1941
  and quickly took control of the Soviet spheres of
  influence in the Baltic countries and eastern
  Europe
• Germany invaded Poland unannounced on September
  1, 1939 -gtBlitzkrieg, Lightning War
• United Nations created at the end of WWII as a
  coalition dedicated to maintain world peace and
  security.
• Origins of Cold War division of postwar Germany
  into four occupation zoned set the stage for
  democracy vs. communism NATO and Warsaw Pact
• Creation of Iron Curtain articulated in a 1946
  speech by Winston Churchill, refers to the
  symbolic division of Europe following the end of
  WWII
• Truman Doctrine created in direct response to
  crises in Greece and Turkey.
• NATO established in 1949, as a military alliance
  of democratic nations against Soviet Aggression
• European Union 1957 signed the Treaty of Rome-gt
  established European community treaties among
  member nations also created the Council of
  Ministers and European Parliament Maestrict
  Treaty of 1993 established the European Union-gt
  fifteen member nations who ceded some political
  power and adopted a common currency Iron Curtain
  Demise November 1989 Berlin Wall was opened
  and soon entirely torn down, symbolizing the end
  of the Cold War

12
1914-Present - Kristin

• Economic
• - Background causes of WWI the major
  industrialized nations of Europe were competing
  for control of foreign markets and access to
  materials and resources.
• - World War I was the worlds first truly modern
  war new weapons revolutionized warfare machine
  guns heavy artillery trench
  warfare-gtstalemate poison gas grenade (first
  used by Germans) by 1916, the British used to
  tanks to advance against German trenches aerial
  combat planes-gtreconnaissance submarine
  warfare (domain of Germans)
• - Great Depression in 1929, European countries
  struggled to rebuild damaged postwar economies.
  Nations struggled to repay debts surpluses in
  agriculture and industry led to overproduction
  and falling prices October 1929-gt stock market
  crash-gt global depression ensued as banks and
  millions of people were forced into bankruptcy
• - Germany experienced military and economic
  growth under Hitlers leadership-gt created jobs
  and increased standard of living.
• - Mussolinis promise of economic recovery and
  the addition of land to the Italian empire gained
  him popular support
• - Nations to the west of the Iron Curtain
  developed and maintained market economies.
• - Marshall Plan a massive economic aid package,
  part of the containment policy, deigned to
  strengthen democracy and lessen the appeal of
  communism.
• Religion
• The Nuremberg Laws instituted anti-Semitic
  policies.
• During WWII, Hitler sought to make his goal of
  living space for Germans a reality by cleansing
  the land he controlled over inferior peoples.
  Policy was aimed at Jews, but millions of others
  were also killed - German invasion of the Soviet
  Union in June 1941 saw the release of Ss
  Einsatzgruppen, which killed entire populations
  of Jews in newly acquired territories Final
  Solution-gt plan to kill all Jews in Europe
  camps at Auschwitz, Belzec, and Treblinka used
  methods such as gassing, electrocution,
  flamethrowers, phenol injections, machine guns,
  and hand grenades - Holocaust saw the loss of 12
  million people, more than half Jewish Nuremberg
  Trials held after WWII to try Nazi war criminals
  for crime against humanity.
• Social
• Nationalism, along with militarism and
  imperialism, combined with the reality of
  entangling alliances, led to a war involving the
  entire European continent.
• Total War when all of a nations resources are
  dedicated to the war effort and both the civilian
  and military populations mobilize to defeat an
  enemy.
• Technology of WWI on the civilian front, Paris
  and other cities were bombed.
• Results of WWI cities throughout were destroyed
  and millions were dead, injured or homeless
• Self Determination the idea that a nation should
  have the right to determine its own future
  (influenced the creation of the Mandate System)
• Hitler and Mussolini used fear and terror to
  combat opposition and both suspended peoples
  civil liberties.

13
1914-Present - Kristin

• Interaction
• Background causes of WWI The creation of the
  Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente.
• Results of WWI the Treaty of Versailles between
  the Allies and Germany-gt Paris 1919 The League
  of Nations
• --Mandate System
• Nazi-Soviet Pact
• United Nations
• Iron Curtain
• NATO
• The construction of the Berlin Wall became a
  visible symbol of the Iron Curtain and thus the
  Cold War.
• European Union
• Art/Architecture
• The Age of Anxiety period after WWI when doubt
  was cast upon previously existing ways of life
  feelings of uncertainty and doubt reflected in
  science, art, architecture, and psychology
  Novelists, such as Ernest Hemingway, wrote about
  the destruction of war Pablo Picasso and other
  artists, experimenting with new art forms, moved
  away from realism and toward freer forms of
  expression In the field of psychology, Sigmund
  Freud and others questioned traditional thinking
  on morality and values, and developed new
  approaches to explaining human behavior.
• Hitlers book, Mein Kamf, outlined his political
  views, including anti-Semitic beliefs, became
  popular among German Nazis.
• Change and Continuity
• Continuity in this time period was seen with the
  oppression of people of a certain religion (the
  Jews). They had laws for this (the Nuremberg
  Laws).
• Change was seen with the technological
  developments in war.