The Road to Victory in Europe

1
The Road to Victory in Europe

• Angela Brown
• Chapter 24 Section 2

2
Learning Targets
3
Bellringers

• Day 1
• Have you ever used the term D-Day? What did you
  mean?
• What was the D-Day operation?

4
Atlantic Charter

• FDR and Churchill met on warship in 1941 to agree
  on Wars goals Atlantic Charter
• Pledged a peace that will afford all nations the
  means of dwelling in safety inside their own
  boundaries.
• Agreements form basis for United Nations

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Atlantic Charter
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Atlantic Charter
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Americans Mobilize for War

• The GI War
• 16 million served
• U.S. soldiers called themselves GIs Government
  Issue stamp appeared on all items provided by
  military
• Four essential freedoms by FDR
• (Speech/Worship God in own way/From want/From
  fear)

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GI
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Diversity in the Armed Forces

• 300,000 Mexican Americans defended Philippines,
  North African Campaign, and D-Day invasion
• 25,000 Native Americans 300 Navajos radio
  operators
• developed a code based on their language that the
  Japanese could not break code talkers

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Japanese Americans

• Thousands of Japanese Americans volunteered to
  fight couldnt until 1943
• 20,000 served
• The All-Nisei 442nd Regimental Combat team most
  decorated military unit in U.S. History.

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All-Nisei 442nd
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African Americans

• One million African American troops served at
  first support roles
• 1942 allowed combat duty in segregated units .
• 761st tank battalion captured 30 major towns from
  Germans.
• 99th Army Air Force fighter squadron, Black
  Eagles, shot down 110 enemy planes.
• 1944 army forced to accept African Americans in
  white combat units due to need for soldiers.

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Women in the Armed Forces

• 350,000 women volunteered for service in all
  areas except combat.
• 1200 WASPs (Women Air Force Service Pilots)
  ferried planes around the country and towed
  practice targets for anti-aircraft organizations.
• WAVES (Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency
  Service) 86,000 served in Naval Aviation

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• 100,000 officers and enlisted personnel
• Womens Army Corps (WAC) was the largest women
  military groups.
• Colonel Oreta Hobby led more people than many
  Army Generals.

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Fighting in North Africa and Italy

• Many feared Germany could not be stopped when
  U.S. entered War The Battle the Atlantic.
• Merchant ships formed convoys to carried food and
  supplies to Great Britain.
• Germans countered with groups up to 30 submarines
  called Wolf Packs.
• Wolf packs very effective despite sonar.
• Battle of Atlantic spread to the American Coast.

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The North African Campaign

• 1942 Great Britain and U.S. troops under Gen.
  Dwight D. Eisenhower landed in Morocco and
  Algeria.

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The North African Campaign

• 1943 two allied armies joined forces in Tunisia
  trapped Rommels forces (desert fox) 240,000
  surrender.
• 1943, Churchill and FDR met in Casablanca,
  Morocco planned strategy for fighting rest of
  war.
• Continue concentration on Europe then Pacific-
  accept only unconditional surrender of Italy,
  Germany, Japan.

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Edwin Rommel Desert Fox
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e/rommel.JPG
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The Invasion of Italy

• 1943 Gen. Patton attacked Sicily.
• Inland fell in 38 days, Mussolini overthrown.
• 72,000 American soldiers killed or wounded by May
  1944 when finally broke through German Defenses
  at the Battle of Anzio.
• April 1945 before Germans in Northern Italy
  surrendered.
• U.S. losses 190,000 German losses 500,000
  during Italian campaign

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" Wars may be fought with weapons, but they are
won by men. "  General George S. Patton
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War in the Soviet Union

• Hitler called for conquest of the Soviet Union,
  claiming that Germany needed lebensraum (living
  space) to the East.
• After losing the Battle of Britain, he broke his
  pact with Stalin and launched an attack against
  the Soviet Union.

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The German Advance, 1941-1942

• 1941 Germans invaded Soviet Union.
• Soviets poorly equipped, not well trained,
  unprepared to intensity and brutality of Germans.
• Germans rounded up and executed large numbers of
  civilians.
• Soviets adopted scorched earth policy destroyed
  everything useful to Germans.

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• Stalin ask FDR for help through Lend-Lease Act.
• Congress blocked for money June 1942
• Stalin urged Allies to launch attack on Western
  Europe to take pressure off Soviets.
• Churchill hesitated persuaded FDR to invade
  Italy instead.

28
The Battle of Stalingrad

• Red Army made stand at Stalingrad Sept 1942
  Campaign of bombing took positions in rubble
  bitter house-to-house fighting
• November Soviets took advantage of weather
  counter attacked and surrounded German army.
• Final assault in January 1943 90,000 surviving
  Germans surrendered Germans lost 330,000
  troops.
• Turning point of the war in the east Soviets
  began long struggle to regain territory.

29
George Marshall

• FDRs Army Chief of Staff everyone assumed he
  would lead the invasion of Western Europe.
• Supported this invasion long before others
• Allies shocked when FDR sent Dwight D.
  Eisenhower.
• FDR said Marshall was to important to the overall
  war effort.

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• Marshall served in France during WWI.
• Resigned in 1945 at end of war.
• Trumans Sec. of State launched effort to
  rebuild postwar Europe Marshall Plan
• Received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1953

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• The Invasion of Western Europe
• In 1943, British finally agreed to Marshalls
  proposal to launch a land invasion

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The Air War

• RAF began bombing Germany in 1940.
• Luftwaffe forced RAF to safer nighttime raids.
• Carpet Bombing large numbers of bombs were
  scattered over a wide area rather than seeking
  specific targets technique adopted by both
• By 1944- British and American Commanders were
  conducting coordinated air raids.
• U.S. by day- RAF by night 3000 planes involved

34
Preparation for Invasion

• Troops built up in Southern England American,
  British, Canada, Polish, Dutch, Belgium, French
  troops
• German soldiers added machine-gun emplacements,
  barbed wire fences, land and water mines, and
  underwater obstructions.

35
D-Day

• Codename for invasion
• June 6, 1944 largest landing by sea in history
  4600 invasion crafts and warships crossed
  English Channel.
• 1000 RAF bombers pounded German defenses at
  Normandy.
• 23,000 airborne soldiers were dropped behind
  enemy lines during the night.

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• DAWN Allied warships massive shelling of coast
  - 1000 U.S. planes continued bombings.
• 150,000 allied troops and equipment came ashore
  the 60 miles of Normandy coast
• Hitler hesitated fearing a larger invasion near
  Calais.
• German resistance fierce 2000 Allied
  causalities on Omaha Beach (one landing site)
• 500,000 came ashore within a week by July 2
  million

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ce_day/d-day.jpg
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The Battle of the Bulge

• Aug 1944 American troops liberated Paris
• British and Canadians freed Brussels and Antwerp
  in Belgium.
• Allies attacked Germans occupying Holland
  American crossed western border of Germany.
• Germans launched counter attack in Belgium and
  Luxemburg in 1944 Battle of the Bulge
• Germans overwhelmed American forces and pushed
  them back .

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• Gen. Patton moved entire army of 250,000 from
  western France to help stop German Advance.
• Largest battle in western Europe during WWII and
  largest ever fought by U.S. army.
• 600,000 GIs involved 80,000 killed wounded or
  captured
• Germans lost 100,000 troops after this battle,
  most Nazi leaders recognized the war was lost.

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War ends in Europe The Soviets Advance

•  German Soviet fighting from 1941-1945 greatest
  conflict ever fought on a single front 9
  million troops
•  13.6 million soviets and 3 million Germans
  killed 2/3 total dead for all WWII
•  Soviet deaths civilian and military 27
  million
•  Soviets took Berlin April 1945 city 80
  destroyed by Allied bombs continued west met
  American troops at Elbe River on April 25

42
Germany Surrenders

• May 1, 1945 German government announced Hitler
  committed suicide
• May 8, 1945 Germany surrendered
• V E Day (Victory in Europe Day)

43
The Yalta Conference

• February 1945 Churchill, Stalin, Roosevelt met
  at Yalta in Soviet Union to plan for postwar
  world
• Agreed to split Germany into (4) zones each
  under control of major Allies
• city of Berlin split into 4 zones as well even
  though in was in the Soviet quarter

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The Big Three
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The Yalta Conference

• Stalin promised to allow elections in Nations
  liberated from Germany and to enter war against
  Japan after Germanys surrender.
• Stalin later refused free elections.
• Roosevelt and Churchill accused of not doing
  enough to prevent Soviet domination in Eastern
  Europe.

46
United Service Organizations

• (USO) founded in 1941 assembled volunteer
  touring companies of actors, comedians, band
  leaders, singers and dancers to entertain armed
  forces overseas.
• Toured every American war zone since.
• Today 40,000 volunteers keep USO active.

47
So Your Husbands Gone to War

• New book by Ethel Gorman advice for preparing
  for furloughs, coping with smaller apartments,
  parties for women, restraining the office Wolf
• One of many new books aimed at helping women and
  children cope with the stress of missing loved
  ones.

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Good Neighbor Policy

• Latin American nations provided vital war
  materials, naval and air bases.
• Brazil sent troops to Europe
• Mexico had an air squadron in Pacific.
• Mexican Cuban navies patrolled Caribbean for
  German Ships.
• In return, U.S. provided military equipment and
  loans to these nations.

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Exit Slip

1. What events helped turn the tide of war in favor
   of the Allies?
2. List the major battles and their significance to
   the war.
3. Explain how the Allied decision to delay an
   invasion of Western Europe and fight instead in
   North Africa and Italy affected war efforts in
   the Soviet Union.
4. Why do you think Americans who were denied full
   rights at home were eager to take part in the war
   against facism?