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Toward Independence

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Title: Toward Independence


1
Chapter 5
  • Toward Independence

2
Vocabulary Terms
  • Patriots (Whigs) American Colonists who believed
    the colonies had a right to govern themselves
  • Loyalists (Tories) American Colonists who
    remained loyal to Great Britain and did not
    believe in the colonies right to self governance
  • Allies groups or countries that work together
    during wartime.
  • Militia a small army made up of ordinary
    citizens who are available to fight in in
    emergency
  • Tyranny the unjust use of government power by
    groups or an individual.
  • Repeal to take back or to cancel a law
  • Boycott to refuse to buy one or more goods from
    a certain source. An organized refusal to do
    something by people.
  • Revenue money collected by the government in
    the form of taxes

3
Section 5.2 Before 1763
  • Growth of the American Colonies
  • American colonies were grew rapidly from 50,000
    to over 1,000,000
  • Reasons
  • cheap land
  • religious freedom
  • economic opportunity

4
Section 5.2 Before 1763
  • British Government Treatment of the Colonies
  • Left the colonies alone for the most part
  • Colonists became fairly self-reliant
  • Colonists elected assemblies, levied taxes, and
    passed laws

5
Section 5.2 Before 1763
  • Conflict in the Ohio Valley
  • Ohio Valley claimed by both French and English
  • 1754 French build Fort Duquesne near present-day
    Pittsburg
  • Virginia Governor organizes militia, lead by
    George Washington, to drive the French out of the
    Ohio Valley
  • Perception that colonists were not very good
    soldiers
  • Defeat the first French scouting party they
    encountered which starts the French and Indian
    War

6
Section 5.3 Early British America
  • 1760 King George III take the throne
  • Britain in huge debt after the French and Indian
    War and expected the colonists to begin sharing
    the burden

7
Section 5.3 Early British America
  • The Proclamation of 1763
  • King George III attempts to slow westward
    expansion
  • draws line across the Appalachian Mountains
  • settlers must remain east of the line
  • tyranny
  • colonists believed proclamation was an act of
    tyranny or an unjust demand by the King
  • most of the land east of the Appalachian line was
    settled
  • the only good land left was west of the
    Appalachian line
  • to enforce the Proclamation, King George expands
    the British Army to 7,500

8
The Stamp Act
  • Rationale
  • Great Britain needs to find additional money to
    pay off French and Indian War debt
  • War was fought for the benefit of the colonists
  • colonists were lightly taxed while citizens in
    Britain payed numerous taxes
  • the colonists should pay their fair share of the
    debt

9
The Stamp Act
  • first overt tax by the British government on the
    colonies
  • idea was created by British Prime Minister George
    Grenville

10
The Stamp Act
  • Requirements
  • colonists had to buy a government stamp for every
    piece of paper they used
  • included newspapers, wills, licenses, and playing
    cards

11
The Stamp Act
  • Sons of Liberty
  • members were Patriots
  • took violent action against the Stamp Act
  • attacked tax collectors homes
  • threatened to bury one tax collector alive

12
The Stamp Act
  • Reaction by Parliament
  • after months of protests in the colonies led to
    the repeal of the Stamp Act
  • helps build the foundation of the Right to
    Assemble in the 1st Amendment

13
The Quartering Act
  • Required colonists to house British soldiers in
    their homes
  • Colonists were required to provide basic supplies
    to the soldiers
  • Protests begin to arise in the colonies
  • Helps build the basis for the 3rd Amendment to
    the U.S. Constitution

14
Section 5.4 The Townshend Acts
  • Origins
  • Charles Townshend, British Parliament
  • Bad colonists behavior showed need for more
    British troops in the colonies
  • Tax on items imported from Britain to the
    Colonies such as tea, glass, paint, and paper

15
Section 5.4 The Townshend Acts
  • A Boycott of British Goods
  • Townshend Act equaled a hidden tax on goods to
    the colonists
  • Samuel Adams
  • John Adams cousin
  • Boston Patriot
  • wrote a letter protesting the Townshend Acts and
    sent it to every colony
  • Townshend Acts violated the rights of colonists
    and amounted to taxation w/o representation
  • letter leads to boycott of British goods
  • women were important in upholding the boycott

16
The Townshends Acts
  • Repeal of the Townshend Acts
  • Lord North becomes leader of British Parliament
  • determined Townshend Acts were actually causing
    tax revenue to go down
  • all taxes on goods except tea were repealed by
    Parliament

17
Section 5.5 The Boston Massacre
  • Details
  • Began as a fight which led to a small riot in
    Boston between soldiers and colonists
  • 5 Boston colonists dead and 10 injured
  • Boston Patriots continually harassed British
    Soldiers
  • British Soldiers prohibited to fire on colonists
    unless their life was threatened

18
Section 5.5 The Boston Massacre
  • Mob Violence Breaks Out
  • Mob began throwing rocks and ice at British
    Soldiers outside the Boston Customs House
  • Mob knocks over British soldier to the ground and
    shots are fires
  • Crispus Attucks, African-American, and 4 others
    killed/10 injured
  • Crowd refuses to leave until they are promised a
    murder trial will take place

19
Section 5.5 The Boston Massacre
  • Massacre or Self-Defense
  • Sam Adams
  • uses the Boston Massacre as an opportunity to
    stir up more protests
  • Paul Revere
  • makes a drawing showing soldiers firing on
    peaceful colonist
  • distributes the drawing throughout the colonies
  • Positions
  • Patriots all troops should leave
  • Loyalists more troops are needed
  • John Adams (future President)
  • Boston Lawyer
  • belief that everyone has a right to a fair trial
    (6thAmendment)
  • agreed to defend the British soldiers in spite of
    personal costs
  • argued troops acted in self-defense
  • Verdicts
  • 6 soldiers found not guilty
  • 2 soldiers guilty of manslaughter

20
Section 5.6 The Boston Tea Party
  • The Tea Act
  • British East India Tea Company
  • huge British Company held monopoly on the Tea
    trade
  • American boycott was bankrupting the company
  • 1773 Act is passed by Parliament
  • act was intended to save British East India
    Company and break up the American boycotts

21
Section 5.6 The Boston Tea Party
  • Effects of The Tea Act
  • Results
  • lowered the costs of British tea below smuggled
    Dutch tea
  • granted monopoly of all colony tea sales to
    British East India Company
  • colonists viewed this as another attempt to tax
    w/o representation and feared future taxes on
    other goods

22
Section 5.6 The Boston Tea Party
  • Tea Ships Arrive
  • British East India ships arrive in American ports
  • Colonists kept the ships from unloading their
    goods
  • Many ships attempt to return to England
  • Massachusetts Governor
  • orders navy to block all ships from leaving or
    entering Boston Harbor
  • demands the colonists allow the ships to unload
    their cargo
  • Sons of Liberty, December 16, 1773
  • disguise themselves as Native Americans
  • 50 sneak aboard tea ships and dump the cargo into
    the Boston Harbor

23
Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts
  • Parliament Punishes Massachusetts
  • British Parliament and King George view the
    protest as fight for control over the colonies
  • Intolerable Acts passed to punish Massachusetts
    Colony actions in the Boston Tea Party

24
Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts
  • Effects of the Acts
  • Boston Harbor closed until tea was paid for
  • Massachusetts Governor/Assembly now controlled by
    England no town meeting in Massachusetts
  • British soldiers accused of murder in the
    colonies were now to be tried in England
  • Additional British soldiers sent to Boston to
    enforce the new laws

25
Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts
  • 2 Opinions
  • King George believed the Intolerable Acts would
    force the colonists to conform
  • A few believed it would lead to open rebellion

26
Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts
  • The Colonies Begin to Unite
  • Colonists throughout Massachusetts and elsewhere
    began to support Boston and not England
  • closed shops
  • food and supplies sent to Boston
  • Virginia Response
  • everyones rights are in danger
  • called for a meeting of colonial delegates to
    work out a peaceful solution to the Intolerable
    Acts
  • Meeting leads to the 1st Continental Congress

27
Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts
  • The First Continental Congress
  • Why
  • Response to the Intolerable Acts and the
    punishment of Boston
  • Attempt to find peaceful solution to Boston
    problem and the Intolerable Acts
  • September 1774
  • 50 leaders from 12 colonies met in Philadelphia
  • Georgia sent no representatives
  • Patrick Henry, George Washington
  • mix of Loyalists and Patriots
  • Results
  • respectful letter sent to King George
  • Boycott would remain in effect until the
    Intolerable Acts were repealed
  • meeting scheduled for the following May if
    boycott failed

28
Section 5.7 The Intolerable Acts
  • The Colonies Form Militias
  • Patriots form committees to enforce the boycott
    of British goods
  • Local militias organized in case the boycotts
    failed
  • British hopes of forcing the colonies to conform
    had failed

29
Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord
  • The First Blow at Lexington
  • King Georges Response
  • refuses to listen to letter sent by Continental
    Congress
  • declares the colonies to be in open rebellion
  • orders General Gage to prepare to use force
    against the colonies

30
Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord
  • Paul Reveres Famous Ride
  • April 6, 1775 General Gage (British Commander)
    informed of colonial stash of weapons and
    gunpowder in Concord, MA.
  • 700 British troops ordered to march on Concord
  • Colonial spies learn of the British troop
    movements
  • Paul Revere and William Dawes warn the colonists

31
Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord
  • Results
  • 8 colonists killed and 10 wounded near Lexington,
    MA
  • remaining militia members fled
  • colonists are defeated

32
Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord
  • The Second Blow at Concord
  • Colonists moved the weapons and gunpowder out of
    Concord
  • British soldiers set fire to tools, gun carriages
    etc..
  • Militia fear Concord may be burned by the British
  • Captain Davis moves militia towards British
    troops near Concord Bridge

33
Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord
  • The Second Blow at Concord
  • British believe the militia members will run when
    fired upon
  • British open fire, kill Captain Davis
  • Militia return fire and British retreat

34
Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord
  • Results
  • 74 British dead, 200 wounded or missing
  • 49 colonists dead, 41 wounded
  • colonial victory
  • Impact For the first time British began to see
    that the American colonists were willing to stand
    and fight for rights they believed in

35
Section 5.8 Lexington and Concord
  • Impact For the first time British began to see
    that the American colonists were willing to stand
    and fight for rights they believed in
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