1. Animal nutrition (2 ??.)

1
TOPICS
1. Animal nutrition (2 ??.) (Digestive
system) 2. Circulation and gas exchange (2.5
??.) (Circulatory and Respiratory system)
3. Controlling the internal environment (1.5
??.) (Homeostasis and Excretory system) 4.
Chemical signal in animals (1 ??.)
(Endocrine system) 5. Nervous system (2 ??.) 6.
Sensory and motor mechanism (2 ??.)
2
5. NERVOUS SYSTEM
-??????????? (neuron or nerve cell)
???????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
(transducer) ?????????????? ??????? ????????
?????????????????????? (stimulus)
?????????????????? (electrical signal)
??????????? nerve impulse ???? action potential
3
?????????????????????????????? (Synapse)
-????????????????????? 4 ???????? ??? dendrite,
cell body, axon ??? synaptic terminal
4
Dendrite
-dendrite ????????/??????????????????????????
???????????????? cell body (?????????????????
?????) -?????????????? ????????
???????????????????? ????????????????????????????
?????? ?????????????? cell body -??
polyribosome (or Nissl body) ???????????????
dendrite ????????? -??????????????????????????????
??axon ???????? ?????????????????????????
threshold ??????? -?????????????????????
dendrite ??????????? ????????? cell body
5
Cell body
-Cell body ???? soma ???????????? dendrite
???????????? ???????? axon (??????????????
maintenance site) -?????????? nucleusorganelle
???? ? ????????????????? -ganglion
(ganglia)???????????????????????nerve cell
body ???????? PNS ??????? dorsal root ganglion
(or sensory ganglion) -Nucleus
(nuclei)???????????????????????nerve cell body
?????? (CNS)???????????????????????
6
Axon
-axon ???????????????? action potential ???
cell body??????????/neuron ???? (??
?????????????????????) ?????????????????????
??????????? cell body ?????????? axon ending
??????? axon ending cell body -axon
???????????? cell body ???????????? ????????
axon hillox -axon hillox ???????????????????????
dendrite ????????????? action potential (???
???????????????????????? threshold ?????????
action potential) -Nerve ?????? axons
????????????????
7
Synaptic terminal
-synaptic terminal (axon ending)???????????axon
????????????????? neurotransmitter -synapse???
?????? synaptic terminal ????????????????????????(
neuron/effector) -??????????????????????
presynaptic cell -??????????????????
postsynaptic cell (???? receptor???neurotransmitte
r??? presynaptic cell)
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????????????????????????????? axon ??? dendrite
9
Supporting cell or glial cells or glia
-Glia??????????????????????????
????????????????????????? 10-50 ???? ?????
????????????????????????? -Astrocyteglia
cell??CNS????tight junction????capillary
????????? Blood-brain barrier -Oligodendrocyte(??C
NS)???Schwann cell (??PNS) glial cell
???????myelin sheath
10
Blood-brain barrier
11
Neuron ???????? 3 ???? ??????????????
1. Receptor (sensory) neuron ????????????
???????????????????????????????? (???? receptor
neuron) ???? olfactory nerve cells
???????????????? receptor cell (????
photoreceptor cell) ?????????? (???? sensory
neuron) ????????????????????????????????
????????? electrical signal ????????interneuron
???? motor neuron ?????? 2.Interneuron
???????????? receptor neuron, sensory neuron
???? interneuron ???? ???????????? ?????
????????????????? motor neuron 3.Effector
(motor) neuron ????????????? ??????????
interneuron ????? effector cells
12
????????????????????? ?????????????? 3 ????
1.???????????????????? (sensory input) ???
sensory receptor 2.?????????????????????
(integration center) CNS 3.???????????????????
(motor output) ????? effector cells
PNS
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Reflex arc
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
integration center or interneuron
effector
motor neuron
??????????? interneuron??? ???????????????????
14
Membrane potential
-membrane potential ??????????????????????????
???????????????????????????? ?????-???????? (Na
K Cl- ?????????) ????????? -50 ??? -100 mV
(?????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????) -?????????????????? microelectrode
??????voltmeter ????oscilloscope ???????
micromanipulator ??? -membrane potential
?????????????????????????????????????????
resting potential
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-Chemically-gated ion channels
????????????????-?????????????????????????????????
? ???? neurotransmitter ??? gated ion channel
??????????? ion ??????????????????????? -Voltage-g
ated ion channels ????????????????-??????????????
????? membrane potential
16
Hyperpolarization ??? depolarization
Hyperpolarization ???????????????????????????????
???? ???? ????????????? K channel, K
??????????????????????????? ??????????????????????
???????????????????? (-70mV -90mV)
Depolarization ????????????????????????????????
???? ????????????? Na channel, Na
???????????????????????????? ?????????????????????
????????????????(-70mV -50mV)
Graded potential ???????????????????????? (hyper
depolarization) ?????????????????????
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Action potential
-action potential ?????????????? membrane
potential ????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
???????????? depolarization ??????????
threshold potential -??????? axon ????????
?????????? all-or-none ???????? 5 ??????????
1.Resting state 2.Threshold 3.Depolarization
4.Repolarization 5.Undershoot
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??????? 1 Resting State
-???? voltage-gated Na ??? K channel ???
???????????????????????? membranes resting
potential
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??????? 2 Threshold
-????????????????? ????? Na channel ???????????
???????????? Na ???????????????????????????
threshold potential ????????? Na gate
??????????? ????????????????? action potential
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??????? 3 Depolarization
-activation gate ??? Na channel ???? ??? K
channel???????????? ???????????????????????
Na???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????? (??????????????)
21
??????? 4 Repolarization
-inactivation gate ???
Na channel ??? ???
K channel ???? ?????
Na???????????????????????
???????????????? ???????? K????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????? resting membrane potential
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??????? 5 Undershoot
repolarization???undershoot refractory period
-gate ????????????? Na ??? ??? K channel
??????????? (relatively slow gate)
???????????????????????????????????? resting
membrane potential ??????????????????????????????
????(Na-K pump)?????????????????????????????????
???????
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Propagation of action potential
1.?????????? action potential (???????????? 1)
N ???????????????????????? ???? Na
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??(?????????? 2) ?????????????????????????????????
?????depolarization ??? action potential
??????????? 2.?????? ?????????? 2 ???? action
potential ???????????? 1 ?????? repolarization
(refractory period) ????????????????????? action
potential ??????????????????? 3.???????????
action potential ???????????????????????? 3
????????????? 2 ?????? refractory period ???
?????????? 1 ?????????????? resting stage
????? -????????????? action potential ?? axon
?????????????????????????(?????? cell body)
????????
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Saltatory conduction
-???????????????????????action potential ?????
axon ?????????????????????? ??? axon
??????????????????????????? -???????? myelinated
axon ????????????????????? action potential
????????????????
-?? myelinated axon ??????? action potential
????????????? node of Ranvier ????? ????????
node ????? ????????????????????? Na ??? K
????-?????????????????? ??????????? node of
Ranvier ???????? ?????????????? saltatory
conduction
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Electrical synapse
-?????? presynatic membrane ??? postsynaptic
membrane ???????????????? gap junction ???????
ion current ???action potential
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????
Postsynaptic membrane
Presynaptic membrane
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Chemical synapse
1.action potential ??? synaptic terminal
????????? Ca influx 2.synaptic vesicle
???????????????? 3.?????neurotransmitter ???
synaptic cleft ???????????????????????????
postsynatic membrane 4.??????????? ion channel
(???? Na) ????, Na ?????????????????? ????
depolarization
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The organization of neurons into systems
The simple circuits nerve nets
-?????????????????????????????????? ??????????
cnidarians ????? nerve net -?????????
???????????? ??????????? ??????? nerve ring
?????? ??? radial nerve ???????????????? nerve
net ??????????????????????????????
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Complex circuits
-????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????? (ganglion)
???????????? ????? cephalization
-?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????? 2 ??????????????????????????? ?????
transverse nerve -??????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????
ventral nerve cord -??????????????????????????????
? ????? glangion ???????????????????????
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-?????????????????????? ???? dorsal hollow nerve
cord ???????? ventral nerve cord ????????
segmental ganglia
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????????????????????????????????
?????????????????? 1.?????????????????? (Central
nervous system CNS) ????????????????
????????????????????????????? 2.????????????????
(Peripheral nervous system PNS)
??????????????(cranial nerve) ???????????????????(
spinal nerve) ??????????? (ganglia)
???????????????????????????-??? CNS
??????????????????????????????????????????????
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Peripheral Nervous System
-???????????????????????? cranial nerve 12 ???
spinal nerve 31 ??? -cranial nerve ????????
spinal nerve ??????? ?????????? sensory motor
neuron ?????? olfactory optic nerve ?????????
sensory nerve
-sensory division ?????????? sensory neuron
??????????? sensory receptor ????? CNS
-motor division ?????????? motor neuron
??????????? CNS ????? effector cells
-SNS ????????????? skeletal muscle
??????????????? external stimuli -ANS
????????????? smooth cardiac muscle
??????????????? external stimuli
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????????????????????? ?????????????? 3 ????
1.???????????????????? (sensory input) ???
sensory receptor 2.?????????????????????
(integration center) CNS 3.???????????????????
(motor output) ????? effector cells
PNS
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Parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic ??? sympathetic ??????????
?????????? (antagonist) -sym ?????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????? parasym ???????????????? -sympathetic
neuron ?????????? norepinephrine -parasympatheti
c neuron ?????????? acetylcholine
postganglionic ganglion
preganglionic ganglion, Ach
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Embryonic Development of the Brain
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??????????????????
36
??????????????????????????????????????????
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The Limbic System
The limbic system generates the feeling emotion
and memory