Biotechnology

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Biotechnology

• By Johnny M. Jessup
• Agriculture Teacher/FFA Advisor

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What is Biotechnology?

• Book Definition
• The use of microorganisms, animal cells, plant
  cells, or components of cells to produce products
  or carry out processes.
• Bio
• Life or living
• Biotechnology
• The application of living processes to technology.

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Historic Applications

• Organisms have been altered for centuries to
  alter and improve the quality types of food for
  humans and animals.
• Examples
• Yeast to make bread rise
• Bacteria to ferment sauerkraut
• Production of various types of cheese
• Fermentation of alcohol

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Background Information

• There are over 300,000 kinds of plants and 1
  million kinds of animals in the world.
• What do they all have in common?
• They are all different in some kind of way due to
  their genes.
• They all have coded information in their cells
  called DNA.

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Genetics

• Gregor Mendel
• Austrian monk
• Father of genetics
• Discovered the effect of genetics on plant
  characteristics with his experimentation with
  garden peas.
• Published his work in 1866.

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Genetics

• What is Genetics?
• The biology of heredity.
• What is heredity?
• The transmission of characteristics from an
  organism to its offspring through genes in
  reproductive cells.
• What are Genes?
• Components of cells which determine the
  individual characteristics of living things.

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Principles of Genetics

• Pair of genes in every cell.
• Receive one gene from each parent.
• Genes are passed from parent to offspring
  unchanged.
• Genes are separated in the making of reproductive
  cells.
• When there are different genes, usually, only one
  shows itself.

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Cells

• Basis of all genetic activity.
• Cell Fast Facts
• Basic unit of life.
• Microscopic in size.
• All life begins as a single cell.

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Cell Division

• The way animal growth reproduction takes place.
• DNA determines what the cell its successive
  cells will become.
• 2 types
• Mitosis
• Simple cell division for growth
• Meiosis
• Cell division that results in the formation of
  gametes.
• Occurs only in reproductive organs

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Genes
X

• Units of genetic material.
• Comprised of DNA.
• Responsible for all traits, or
  characteristics, of all
  animals.
• Occur at specific locations on chromosomes.

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Chromosomes

• Rod-like carriers for genes.
• Control certain enzyme protein production that
  controls some traits.
• Composed of a protein covering surrounding two
  chains of DNA.

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DNA Genetic Code of Life

• DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid.
• Discovered by Friedrich Miescher in 1867.
• The transmitter of hereditary information.

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DNA Genetic Code of Life

• Found in the nucleus of all living cells.
• All DNA is similar in.
• Structure
• Function
• Composition

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DNA Structure

• Occurs in pairs of strands.
• Intertwined with one another.
• Connected by chemicals called bases.
• Like the rungs on a ladder.
• The DNA strands are like the two
  sides of a
  ladder.

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DNA Structure

• Bases
• Adenine Thymine
• Cytosine Guanine
• Strands
• Sugar phosphates
• Twisted to form a double helix.

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Chromosomes, DNA Genes
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DNA Use in Biotechnology

• Gene Splicing
• Process of removing inserting genes into DNA.
• Also called recombinant DNA technology.
• Used to alter a given characteristic in a
  microorganism, plant, or animal.
• Examples
• Alter a plants susceptibility to disease.
• Make a plant resistant to insects.
• Alter bacteria to increase meat production in
  swine.

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Importance of Recombinant DNA Technology

• Improves plants and animals performance through
  the manipulation of genes.
• Alter characteristics or performance of
  microorganisms.
• Control disease, insects, weeds, and other pests
  through genetic engineering.
• Less use of chemical pesticides and more genetic
  use of biological controls result in a better
  environment.

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Gene Mapping

• The process of finding recording the location
  of genes.
• Matching of genes to certain traits.
• Used by a geneticist to determine which genes are
  responsible for certain traits.
• Examples
• Tendency of baldness in humans.
• Height of plants at maturity.
• Tendency of females to have twin offspring.

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Gene Mapping
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Cloning

• Genetically engineering offspring (progeny) from
  nonsexual tissue.
• Been successfully done on mammals such as Dolly
  in 1996.

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Cloning
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DNA Matching

• One application is identifying parents or
  offspring.
• DNA Testing

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Genetic Engineering

• Movement of genetic information in the form of
  genes from one cell to another.
• Discovered in the early 1980s and was a
  breakthrough in modifying genetic makeup.
• Made it possible to..
• Increase disease resistance
• Improve production
• Improve efficiency
• Who does this kind of work?
• Geneticist

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Products of Genetic Engineering

• Insulin
• Used by people with diabetes to control blood
  sugar levels.
• One of the 1st commercial products made by
  genetic engineering.
• Bacterium called E. coli was genetically
  engineered to produce insulin like cows produce
  milk and bees produce honey.
• Before this.insulin only came from pancreas
  tissue of animals.

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Products of Genetic Engineering

• Ice-minus
• Bacteria that was genetically altered.
• Retards frost formations on plant leaves.
• Chemicals available to protect fruit crops when
  temps fall 4 6 degrees below what would
  normally damage the fruiting process.

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Products of Genetic Engineering

• BST
• Bovine somatotropin
• Increases milk production.
• Bacteria genetically engineered to produce the
  hormone.

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Products of Genetic Engineering

• Herbicide resistant crops such as
• Roundup Ready Corn

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Waste Management

• Environmental pollution waste elimination has
  become a major problem throughout the world.
• Unloading fees for landfills
• 1980---3.00 a ton
• 1990s---146.00 a ton
• Environmental Laws
• Reduction in solid waste
• 10 by 1995
• 27 by 1997
• 40 by 2000

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Waste Management

• Biotechnology is being used to help solve waste
  disposal problems.
• Examples include
• Bacteria that feed on oil slicks.
• Bacteria that deactivate or decompose
• Dioxin, PCBs, insecticides, herbicides, and
  other chemicals in out rivers, lakes, and streams.

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Waste Management

• Other bacteria strains are under development to
  convert solid waste from humans livestock into
  sugar fuel.

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Safety in Biotechnology

• Federal state governments monitor biotechnology
  research.
• How come?
• Possible dangers of genetically modified
  organisms.
• Therefore it is important to conduct thorough
  research and to conduct open discussions.

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Safety in Biotechnology

• Extensive testing is done to make certain
  biotechnology products safe.
• Testing proceeds from laboratory to the
  greenhouse.
• Final testing occurs outdoors on a small scale
  prior to produce approval.
• Final approval by the federal government occurs
  only after all phases of testing have been
  completed.

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Safety in Biotechnology

• Rapidly gaining the publics confidence.
• Important part of our lives.
• Many of its potential benefits have already been
  realized..
• But the surface has only been scratched.

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Designed By

• Johnny M. Jessup, FFA Advisor
• Hobbton High School