Bio-Process Kinetics Process Biotechnology Anondho WIJANARKO

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Bio-Process Kinetics

• Process Biotechnology
• Anondho WIJANARKO
• University of Indonesia
• Simplified Lecture Notes
• For Instructor

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To Dwi ImantiandAdam Aulia, Musa Maulana, Isa
Dzulqarnain and Lovely Muhammad Al Muhammad
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CONTENTS

• Microbial Growth
• Microbial Cell Growth
• Classical Empirical Growth Kinetics
• Environmental Alteration Studies
• Light Illumination Effect
• Temperature Effect
• Microbial Kinetic Studies
• Non Elementer Reaction
• Microbial Growth Reaction Kinetics

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Microbial Growth
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Microbial Cell Growth

• Mode of Growth
• Selective assimilation of nutrients and convert
  into and also include Chemical rearrangement of
  protoplasmic material characteristic of the
  particular organism
• Production of an increased amount of nuclear
  substance and cell division

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Growth Phase
V
IV
X g/l
I
II
III
t h
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Growth Phase

• Induction Phase (Lag Phase)
• Transient Phase (Acceleration Phase)
• Exponential Phase
• Stationary Phase (Declining Phase)
• Death Phase

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Question Sheet

• Why microbial growth have an lag phase?
• Why death phase could be occurred in microbial
  growth?
• What is essential nutrient for growth of organism
  especially prokaryotes?
• What is important factor for cell division?

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Growth Approximation
X g/l
mf
f
1.0
t
X
m
m
X
i
t h
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Growth Constants

• Exponential Stationary Growth Phase
• Total Biomass Production(G)
• Incident growth rate, Incident mean division rate
  (mf)
• Specific growth rate, Beginning mean division
  rate (m)
• Doubling time of population (tD) exponential
  growth phase

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Classical Growth KineticsEmpirical Approximation

• Monod Growth Kinetic
• Tessier Growth Kinetic
• Moser Growth Kinetic
• Contois Growth Kinetic

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Empirical Growth KineticsMedium constituent
Inhibition

• Andrews Growth Kinetic
• Aiba Growth Kinetic

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Growth KineticsMultiple essential nutrient

• Bailey Growth Kinetic

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Home Work

• Which kinetic approximation do you choose in case
  of microbial growth of Hepatotoxin produced
  Oscilatoria Agardhii NIVA CYA 97 in low
  temperature?
• Which empirical equation that you choose of
  inoculation of microorganism in case of multiple
  content limitation of nutrients, such as Mg2,
  phosphate, Nitrate and organic compound?
• Which kinetic approximation do you choose of
  cultivation photosynthetic microorganism that did
  not grew up in pH above 7.8?

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Simple Bio-Production Kinetic

• Cellular growth rate
• Monod approximation
• Yield factor
• Substrate Utilization
• Product Formation
• (Beginning of Stationary Phase)

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Environmental Alteration Studies
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Microbial Growth KineticEnviromental Condition

• Direct Effects
• Light Illumination (Energy Source)
• Temperature
• Essential nutrients content
• Indirect Effects
• Gas inlet volumetric rate
• Gas inlet content
• Liquid circulation rate
• Non essential nutrients content

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Light Illumination Effect

• Oscillatoria agardhi Gomont
• (Post AF, R de Witt, LC Mur, J. Plank. Res., 7
  (1985) 487-495)

Chl a/X
m
288K
293K
0.010
290K
293K
0.2/h
283K
288K
I
283K
20W/m
2
I
2
20W/m
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Temperature effect

• Modified Arhenius Model

m
Arhenius Approximation
Microbial growth
1/T
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Temperature EffectClassification of Microorganism
Thermophiles
m
Mesophiles
Psychrophiles
Obligate
Facultative
T
313
293
273
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Question Sheet

• What is happen if microorganism is at 90oC? Why?
• In case of decreasing of temperature about 20oC
  from optimum temperature, what is happen in case
  of microbial growth rate?
• In case of ethanol production that was S. sake
  have ethanol tolerance around 10, what do you do
  to make an whisky industry?
• Why a shade microbe does not grew well in high
  light illumination and commonly have not high
  temperature resistance?

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Temperature EffectCellular Consideration
DBI

• Psychrophile
• Obligate
• Protococcus Agardh SS 100-3
• Oscillatoria redekei Van Goor
• Oscillatoria sp. SS 100-5
• Facultative
• Anabena cylindrica Lemmerman
• Oscillatoria Agardhi Gomont
• Nostoc commune Antartica
• Mesophile
• Synechococcus leopoliensis
• Anabaena variabilis IAM M3
• Microcystis Aeruginosa IAM M228
• Thermophile
• Mastigocladus laminosus HTF
• Synechococcus lividus OH75S
• Synechcocus elongatus It 7S

Obligate
Psychrophiles
2.0
Facultative
Mesophiles
1.0
Thermophiles
GC content
0.5
0.3
0.7
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Home Work

• Why optimum specific growth rate values of
  psychrophile factually, lower than thermophile?
• Why GC content of microbial DNA is important for
  classification of organism in terms of growth
  rate dependence on temperature?
• What is DBI?

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Microbial Kinetic Studies
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Non Elementer Reaction

• Common reaction rate
• N integer Elementer
• N non integer Non Elementer
• Non Elementer Example

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Reaction Mechanism
Mechanism path is microscopic description of a
chemical reaction that was composed in term of
elementer reactions
Chemical reaction
Mechanism Path
Fast reaction
Slow reaction, DECISIVE Path
Fast reaction
Intermediete species
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Question Sheet

• What is mechanism path?
• What definition of intermediate species?
• What was become determining factor of reaction
  rate?

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Microbial GrowthEnzymatic Reaction/Kinetic
consideration

• Michaelis-Menten Kinetics
• Reaction mechanism
• Kinetic equation
• Substrate Actvation and Inhibition
• Reaction mechanism
• Kinetic equation
• Product Activation and Inhibition
• Reaction mechanism
• Kinetic equation

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Michaelis-Menten Kinetics

• Reaction mechanism
• Kinetic derivation

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Home Work

• Please exhibit kinetic derivation of substrate
  activation and inhibition?
• Please exhibit kinetic derivation of product
  activation and inhibition?
• What do you think about reaction kinetic if Km is
  high that was indicated in bioremediation of
  toluene by C. nivalis?

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Literature

• Aruga Y., Ecological Studies of Photosynthesis
  and Matter Production of Phytoplankton I
  Seasonal Changes in Photosynthesis of Natural
  Phytoplankton, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 78 (1965) 280-288
• Bailey JE and DF Ollis, Biochemical Engineering
  Fundamentals, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York,
  1986
• Boney AD, Phytoplankton, Edward Arnold Publ.
  Ltd., London, 1975
• Contois DE, Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
  Relationship between Population Density and
  Specific Growth Rate of Continuous Cultures, J.
  Gen. Microbiol., 21 (1959) 40-50
• Castenholz RW, Laboratory Cultures of
  Thermophilic Cyanophyte, Symposium uber
  Cyanophytensystematik, 32 (1970) 538551
• Foy RH, CE Gibson and RV Smith, The Influence of
  Day-length, Light Intensity and Temperature, on
  the Growth of Planktonic Blue-Green Algae, J
  Phycol., 11 (1976) 151-163
• Frohlich BT, IA Webster, MM Ataai and ML Shuler,
  Photobioreactors Model of Interaction of Light
  Intensity, Reactor Design and Algal Physiology,
  Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp., 13 (1983) 331-350

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• 8. Leopold AC and PE Kriedmann, Plant Growth
  and Development, Tata McGraw-Hill Publ. Co., New
  Delhi, 1975
• 9. Pilling MJ and PW Seakins, Reaction
  Kinetics, Oxford Sc. Publ., Tokyo
• 10. Mosser JL and TD Brock, Temperature Optima
  for Algae Inhabiting Cold Mountains Stream,
  Arctic and Alpine Research, 8 (1976) 111-114
• 11. Murata N, Low Temperature effects on
  Cyanobacterial Membranes, J. Bioenerg. Biomembr.,
  21 (1989) 61-75
• 12. Post AF, R de Witt and LR Muur, Interaction
  between Temperature and Light Intensity on Growth
  and Photosynthesis of the Cyanobacterium
  Oscilatoria agardhii, J. Plankton Research, 7
  (1985) 487-495
• 13. Sato N, N Murata, Y Miura and N Ueta, Effect
  of Growth Temperature on Lipid and Fatty Acid
  Composition in the Blue Green Algae, Anabaena
  variabilis and Anacystis nidulans, Biochim.
  Biophys. Act., 572 (1979) 19-28
• 14. Seaburg KG, BC Parker, RA Wharton Jr. and GM
  Simmons Jr., Temperature-Growth Responses of
  Algal isolates from Antartica Oases, J. Phycol.,
  17 (1981) 353-360