The Cardiovascular System: Structure Function and Measurement

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The Cardiovascular System Structure Function and
Measurement

• Chapter 9

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Organs of the Cardiovascular System

• Heart
• Blood vessels
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Veins
• Venules

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The Heart

• Muscular organ the size of a fist
• Four chambers L/R Ventricles L/R Atria
• Endocardium- lines the heart chambers
• Myocardium- muscle layer
• Pericardium- membranous outer covering

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Atria

• Right Atrium (RA)- right upper chamber- receives
  blood from body- deoxygenated blood
• Left atrium (LA)- left upper heart.- receives
  oxygenated blood from lungs and sends it to the
  left ventricle

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Ventricles

• Right ventricle- (RV)- right lower chamber-
  receives blood from right atrium and sends it to
  the lungs through pulmonary artery
• Left Ventricle (LV)- lower left chamber- receives
  blood from left atrium and sends it through the
  aorta to the body.

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• Aorta The main trunk of the systemic arteries,
  carrying blood from the left side of the heart to
  the arteries of all limbs and organs.
• Pulmonary Artery carries blood to lungs

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Mitral Valve

• Tricuspid valve controls blood flow between the
  right atrium and ventricle
• Mitral valve controls blood movement between the
  left atrium and ventricle

Left Atrium
Right Atrium
Left Ventricle
Right Ventricle
Tricuspid Valve
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• Pulmonary valve controls blood movement from
  right ventricle into pulmonary artery
• The aortic valve controls blood flow from the
  left ventricle to the aorta

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Arteries

• Arteries- tubes that carry blood away from the
  heart.
• Muscular elastic walls
• Form arterioles which form capillaries
• Carry blood and oxygen to the body cells

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Coronary Arteries

• Supply blood to the heart muscle.
• The heart needs a large amount of blood and 5-7
  of blood flows through the coronary arteries.

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Veins

• Veins- tubes that carry blood toward the heart
• Thinner muscular walls
• Carry blood back to heart
• Cuplike valves to help move blood

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Capillaries

• Capillaries- tubes that connect arteries and
  veins
• Walls only one cell thick
• Site for exchange of nutrients and oxygen from
  blood cells and carbon dioxide and wastes to the
  blood

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Blood

• The body contains 4 to 6 quarts
• Contains Plasma antibodies, nutrients, gases,
  waste products
• Produced in bone marrow
• White and red blood cells

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Measuring Cardiac Function

• Blood Pressure
• Electrocardiogram
• Stress Test
• Angiography

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Blood Pressure

• Measure of fluid pressure within system
• Systolic Pressure Pressure generated by
  contraction
• Diastolic Pressure Pressure achieved between
  contractions.

• SBP reflects the amount of work the heart is
  performing
• DBP indicates the amount of peripheral resistance
  encountered
• Arterial pressure increases with age, DBP more
  than SBP
• With aging, major blood vessels increase in
  rigidity

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Electrocardiogram

• Measure of the electrical activity of the heart

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Stress Test

• ECG during exercise

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Angiography

• Cardiac catheterization
• Inject dye into heart
• X-ray to examine blockages