Introduction to blood

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Introduction to blood Fluid component of
blood Formed elements Function of
blood Maintenance of blood volume
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Total volume of blood is 5.5 liters About 55
is plasma rest is cells Most are red cells
(RBCs) Cells are specialized to carry
oxygen full of hemoglobin no organelles 4-6
million RBCs per cc for males 4-5 million for
females What factors affect RBC count and
activity?
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Insufficient red cell production and/or oxygen
delivery- anemia Causes iron deficiency (most
common) vitamin B12, folic acid (pernicious
anemia) hemolytic anemia sickle cell
anemia blood loss bone marrow
disease infections
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All blood cells are formed in the bone
marrow Red blood cells White blood cells
(leukocytes) neutrophils lymphocytes monocytes
eosinophils basophils Platelets
(megakaryocytes)
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Leukocytes help fight infection Phagocytes neutr
ophils monocytes/macrophages phagocytes Inflamm
ation neutrophils infiltrate site monocytes/mact
rophages help control immune reactions basophil
s release chemicals involved in inflammation,
allergy
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White cell counts is normally 5000-10000/cc Leuko
cytosis- elevated cell count Leukopenia- count
is depressed Differential- neutrophils
50-75 lymphocytes 20-40 monocytes
5-10 eosinophils 1-3 basophils 0-1
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Hemostasis (clotting stoppage of blood
loss) Platelets- plug formation can repair
small wounds Clotting factors (coagulation)
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A cascade
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Whats in plasma? water nutrients plasma
proteins albumins alpha and beta
globulin gamma globulin (antibodies) all
except gamma globulins are formed in the
liver maintain osmotic pressure (and
thus blood volume) gases wastes
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Red blood cell antigens and blood
typing Antigen a molecule that is recognized as
foreign by the immune system Lots of these
several different types of antigens found on red
blood cells (RBCs) ABO system especially
important Four blood types A, B, AB, O A and B
are dominant, O is recessive
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People with type A blood can tolerate type
A blood from other individuals But type A
people make antibodies to type B antigens People
with type AB can tolerate all blood
types universal recipient (of CELLS) People
with type O blood can donate to all but have
antibodies to both A and B antigens universal
donor (of CELLS)
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Rh antigen is also important People either have
the antigen or do not Rh-negative people will
develop antibodies to the Rh antigen if they are
exposed to the Rh-positive blood If a
Rh-negative woman becomes pregnant with a
Rh-positive fetus she may make antibodies to the
fetus RBCs This can be prevented with RhoGAM
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Implications for blood transfusions Blood
type antigen antibody A A anti-B
B B anti-A AB A, B neither O
neither anti-A and B
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Transfusions are preferred between people of the
same blood type If blood is properly processed
and administered A can receive from A and O B
from B and O AB from AB, A, B and O O only from
type O- but can donate to everyone
else Rh-positive can receive from negative and
positive Rh-negative only from negative
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Blood types are inherited In some parts of the
world some blood types are more common than
others In U.S. 45 are O, 40 are A, 12 are
B, and about 3 are AB about 85 are
Rh-positive
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Roles of blood oxygen transport nutrient
transport waste transport transport of other
essential molecules (antibodies, hormones,
etc.) regulation (temperature, metabolism,
etc.) fighting infection